Chapters 4-8 Flashcards
A semi-fluid matrix that occupies the area between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called …
the cytoplasm
What cells have a plasma membrane
All cells contain a plasma membrane.
Animal cells excrete glycoproteins outside of the plasma membrane to produce an…
extracellular matrix
Interior of eukaryotic cells contain numerous membrane- membrane structures to produce an..
organelles
Microfilaments such as actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments form the cell- supporting structure called …
the cytoskeleton
The chromosomal hereditary material is package in this organelle in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells is called
the nucleus
Some ribosomes are embedded where?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plant cells often have a large membrane-bound sac that is used for storing water and other substance. This organelle is called
a central vacuole.
The generally accepted evolutionary process which created which created the organelles chloroplast,and mitochondria is the
theory of Endosymbiosis.
A type of transport of a solute across a membrane, up it’s concentration gradient, using protein carriers driven by the expenditure of chemical energy is known as
Active transport.
Define aquaporins
specialized channels for water movement.
Define Diffusion
the net movement of substances to regions of lower concentration.
Carrier- mediated transport is also called
facilitated diffusion
The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called
phospholipids
Incubation of cells at 20℃ blocks the release of proteins from the trans- golgi. Under such conditions you would expect to see
a decrease in exocytosis
Define energy
the capacity to do work
The process of influencing the chemical bonds in a way that lowers the _____ needed to speed up a chemical reaction is called a catalysis.
activation energy
A molecule that closely resembles the shape of a substrate for an enzyme might serve a
competitive inhibitor
The regulation of simple biochemical pathways often involves the end-product binding to allosteric site of the first enzyme in the sequence. This mode of regulation called
feedback inhibition
Protein catalysts that speed up the various metabolic biological reactions in an organism are called
enzymes
Enzymes have specific____ with which they interact.
Substrates
When an atom or molecule gains one or more electrons it is said to be
reduced
Organisms that can manufacture their own chemical energy sources called
autotrophs
In glycolysis, a major portion of the energy remains in the final product, which is called
pyruvate
Fats undergo a process called______oxidation, which the products are acetyl coenzyme molecules
beta
The first stage of cellular respiration, _____, occurs with or without oxygen present
glycolysis
When oxygen is limiting, during heavy exercise, muscle cells revert to______ fermentation for energy production
lactic acid
The coenzyme electron carriers produced in the Krebs cycle are
FADH2 and NADH.
Since membranes are relatively impermeable to ions, most of the protons re-enter the matrix by passing through special channels in the inner mitochondrial membranes. Because of the inward flow of protons these channels allow the synthesis of
ATP from ADP and Pi
steps of glucose breakdown (steps of cellular respiration)
Glycolysis→ Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA→ Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport Chain
, even though the calvin cycle reactions require the products of the light reactions, it’s reactions can occur in the
Dark
Molecules that absorb light are called
Pigment
In green plants photosynthesis, the electron donor for the light dependent reaction is
water
Flattened sacs of internal membranes associated with photosynthesis are called
Thylakoids
Chlorophyll b absorbs in green wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a cannot absorb. In this respect, chlorophyll b acts as an
accessory pigment.
The dark reactions of photosynthesis are those that convert
CO2 into reduced molecules. (sugars)
How many revolutions does it take for the Calvin cycle to produce one glucose
6
are important to many plants because these pigments are able to absorb wavelengths of light that neither chlorophyll a not b can absorb.
Carotenoids
Visible light not strongly absorbed by chlorophylls is
Green
A method devised by succulent desert plants to reduce the problem of photorespiration is the
CAM metabolism
At the conclusion of an enzyme catalyzed reaction, the enzyme
frees its self from product and is ready to be reused
