Chapters 9 10 11 Vocab

Question 1

zeitgerbers

Answer 1

an external cue for setting biological rhythms

Question 2

circadian rhythms

Answer 2

a repeating cycle of about 24 hours

Question 3

ultradian rhythms or cycles

Answer 3

a cycle that occurs several times a day

Question 4

seasonal affective disorder

Answer 4

a type of depression that results from insufficient amounts of daylight during the winter months

Question 5

myoclonia

Answer 5

a muscle jerk occurring in the early stages of sleep

Question 6

night terrors

Answer 6

an NREM episode I which the individual is partially aroused, disoriented, frightened, and inconsolable

Question 7

PGO spikes

Answer 7

an electrical waveform observed during REM sleep, originating in the pons and traveling to the thalamus and occipital cortex. each pgo wave is associated with eye movement

Question 8

dyssomnia

Answer 8

a sleep disorder that involves difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep

Question 9

sleep apnea

Answer 9

a sleep disorder in which the person temporarily stops breathing, then awakens gasping for air

Question 10

narcolepsy

Answer 10

a sleep disorder characterized by the intrusion of REM sleep, and occasionally REM paralysis, into the waling state

Question 11

REM behavior disorder

Answer 11

a sleep disorder in which the normal REM paralysis is absent

Question 12

klinefelter syndrome

Answer 12

a conditions in males caused by an XXY genotype, characterized by frequent problems with fertility, secondary sex characteristics, and verbal skills

Question 13

intersex

Answer 13

a condition in which elements of both male and female development occur in the same fetus

Question 14

SRY gene

Answer 14

sex determing gene of the Y chromosome

Question 15

Mullerian system

Answer 15

the internal systemthat develops into a uterus, fallopian tubes, and the upper two thirds of the vagina in the absence of anti MULLERIAN hormone

Question 16

Wolfian system

Answer 16

the internal system that develops into seminal vesicles, vas deferns, and the prostate gland in males

Question 17

Gender identity

Answer 17

the sense of being male of female regardless of biological appearance

Question 18

Androgen Insensitivity syndrome

Answer 18

a condition in which a genetic male fetus lacks androgen receptors, which leads to external female genitalia and typically female gender identity and sexual behavior

Question 19

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 19

a condition in which a fetus is exposed to higher-than-normal androgens, secreted resulting in masculinization of external genitalia and some cognitive behaviors affected females

Question 20

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 20

characteristics that are related to sex and occur after puberty

Question 21

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 21

a condition in which premenstral mood changes are very severe

Question 22

homeostasis

Answer 22

a physiological state of equilibrium

Question 23

motivation

Answer 23

the process of activating and directing behavior

Question 24

endotherms

Answer 24

an animal that can use internal methods such as perspiration or shivering to maintain body temp

Question 25

ectotherm

Answer 25

an animal that relies on external methods such as moving into the sun or the shade for maintaining body temperature

Question 26

set point

Answer 26

a value that is defended by regulatory systems, such as core temperature or a particular body weight

Question 27

hypothermia

Answer 27

a potentially fatal core body temp below 31.1 degrees C and 87.8 degrees F

Question 28

hyperthermia

Answer 28

a life-threatening condition in which core body temp increases beyond normal limits in an uncontrolled manner

Question 29

osmotic

Answer 29

thirst produced by cellular dehydration

Question 30

hypovolemic thirst

Answer 30

thirst that results from a decrease in the volume of the extracellular fluid

Question 31

baroreceptors

Answer 31

a receptor in the heart and kidneys that measures blood pressure

Question 32

glucagon

Answer 32

a pancreatic hormone that converts glycogen into glucose

Question 33

insulin

Answer 33

a pancreatic hormone that facilitates the movement of sugars from the blood supply into the body’s tissues

Question 34

leptin

Answer 34

a substance secreted by fat cells that helps the body regulate its fat sores

Question 35

BMI

Answer 35

a measure comparing height and weight that is used to determine underweight, healthy weight, and overweight