Chapters 8,9,10 Unit 4 AOS 1

Question 1

Gross National Income (GNI)

Answer 1

The total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.

Question 2

Characteristics of high-, middle- and low-income countries

Answer 2

• Economic
• Social
• Environmental

Question 3

Economic Characteristics

Answer 3

• Levels of poverty
• Range of industries
• Opportunities for global trade
• Average incomes

Question 4

Extreme/Absolute Poverty

Answer 4

Living on less than US$1.90 per day.

Question 5

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Answer 5

A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period.

Question 6

Difference between GNI and GDP

Answer 6

GDP is similar to GNI, but is not adjusted to take into account the income earned by foreign citizens or the income earned by citizens working in other countries. As a result, GNI is being used more as an accurate indicator of the average income of a country.

Question 7

Social Characteristics

Answer 7

• Levels of gender equality
• Birth rates and population growth
• Levels of employment
• Levels of education
• Social security systems
• Health systems
• Access to technology
• Legal systems

Question 8

Environmental Characteristics

Answer 8

• Access to safe water and sanitation
• Food security
• Housing
• Infrastructure
• Levels of carbon dioxide emissions

Question 9

Similarities and differences in low-, middle- and high-income countries

Answer 9

Refer to table in Notion

Question 10

Double Burden of Disease

Answer 10

The coexistence of communicable and non-communicable or chronic diseases.

Question 11

Factors that contribute to similarities and differences in health status and burden of disease globally

Answer 11

• Access to safe water
• Sanitation
• Poverty
• Inequality and discrimination (race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity)
• Global distribution and marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods

Question 12

Relative Poverty

Answer 12

Living on less than 50% of country’s average income.

Question 13

Poverty contributes to differences in burden of disease by:

Answer 13

Reducing access to a range of resources:
* Nutritious food
* Clean water and sanitation
* Education
* Healthcare
* Adequate housing
* Government services (e.g. social protection measures) and infrastructure

Question 14

Discrimination

Answer 14

When a person or group of people is treated differently than other people, often a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity.

Question 15

Globalisation

Answer 15

The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale. It can be described as transforming the different societies of the world into one global society. A reduction in barriers to trade, communication and transport contributes to this process.

Question 16

Tobacco

Answer 16

• Tobacco manufacturers have been targeting low and middle income countries
• This is to make up for lost revenue experienced in high income countries
• Laws, regulations and public awareness campaigns which operate in many high-income countries, like Australia, are often non-existent in low and middle income countries.
• Distribution and marketing has increased in low and middle income countries in an attempt to increase global sales

Question 17

Alcohol

Answer 17

• Like tobacco companies, alcohol manufacturers have experienced a decrease in revenue in many high income countries
• Therefore, they are increasingly marketing their products to people in low and middle income countries
• Increased alcohol consumption in low and middle income countries

Question 18

Processed Foods

Answer 18

• Have been marketing products in low and middle income countries for years
• Contributes to increased incidence of lifestyle diseases like obesity, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
• Chronic disease associated with high intake of processed foods impacts health status: e.g. people with diabetes or cardiovascular disease may not be able to earn an income, which reduces their standard of living and may further increase their risk of chronic illness and premature death

Question 19

Sustainability

Answer 19

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question 20

Dimensions of Sustainability

Answer 20

• Economic
• Social
• Environmental

Question 21

Economic Sustainability

Answer 21

Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future.

Question 22

Components of Economic Sustainability:

Answer 22

• Trade
• Economic growth
• Job creation
• Innovation and diversity of industries

Question 23

How Economic Sustainability can Promote Health and Wellbeing

Answer 23

• Ensuring all people can earn a decent income
• Increasing capacity of governments to provide services and infrastructure (provision of infrastructure for clean water and sanitation promotes physical health and wellbeing by reducing the risk of infectious diseases)
• Ensuring children can stay in school (Economic sustainability means children will not be forced into labour due to poverty; instead they may remain at school. this promotes social interaction, enhancing social health and wellbeing. there are other ways health and wellbeing is promoted by the fact that children can stay in school and receive an education)

Question 24

Social Sustainability

Answer 24

Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely.

Question 25

Components of Social Sustainability:

Answer 25

• Elimination of poverty and provision of social protection systems
• Peace and security
• Access to safe and decent working conditions
• Gender equality
• Promotion of political and legal rights

Question 26

Environmental Sustainability

Answer 26

Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future.

Question 27

Components of Environmental Sustainability

Answer 27

• Biodiversity
• Use of natural resources
• Waste removal and pollution
• Climate change

Question 28

Interrelationships Between Three Dimensions of Sustainability

Answer 28

• poverty reduction is a part of social sustainability, but in order to be achieved, it is reliant on economic sustainability. Equal access to safe water is an aspect of social sustainability, but relies heavily on environmental sustainability to ensure clean water is available.
• a country might have a high income due to the oil reserves they are mining. However, oil reserves deplete (reduced environmental sustainability), and so this source of income will shrink in the future (reduced economic sustainability). Reduced income could lead to fewer economic resources available for public education, which has an impact on social sustainability.

Question 29

Human Development

Answer 29

Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.

Question 30

HDI (Human Development Index)

Answer 30

A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions — a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living — and four indicators — life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and Gross National Income per capita.

• HDI is a number between 0 and 1.
• The closer to one, the greater the level of development experienced. As the HDI uses more than just economic indicators, a clearer picture of the overall standard of people’s lives can be seen. The HDI reflects the level of development in a country, allows comparisons to be made between countries and regions, and allows improvements made over time to be monitored.

Question 31

The United Nations classifies countries by dividing into four groups according to their HDI:

Answer 31

• very high human development
• high human development
• medium human development
• low human development

Question 32

Advantages & Limitations of HDI

Answer 32

advantages of HDI:

• Considers more than just income, reflecting education opportunities and access to knowledge.
• Reflects average income for a decent standard of living.
• Reflects life expectancy for a long and healthy life.
• Simplifies comparison by providing a single statistic for three dimensions and four indicators.
• Effective for tracking progress over time.
• Raises awareness of human development importance among media, policymakers, and communities.

limitations of HDI:

• Partial view: HDI only covers selected aspects of human development, missing many important factors like gender equality, freedom, and social inclusion.
• Inequality hidden: HDI relies on averages, hiding disparities within countries, affecting minorities, women, disabled individuals, and rural populations.
• Missing subjective data: HDI lacks survey data, neglecting people’s feelings, mental health, and community issues.
• Data reliability challenges: Collecting data for HDI is complex, leading to difficulties in making accurate country-to-country and within-country comparisons.
• Narrow focus: Some equate human development solely with HDI’s three dimensions, overlooking other vital aspects like freedom and capabilities.

Question 33

Human development is about creating an environment in which people can:

Answer 33

• Lead long and healthy lives
• Participate in the decisions that affect their lives
• Participate in the life of the community
• Have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living (housing, safe food, clean water and adequate sanitation, etc.)
• Have access to knowledge and expand their choices and capabilities
• Lead productive and creative lives according to their needs and interests