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Health & Human Development > Chapter 3 - Factors Influencing Health Status and Burden of Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Factors Influencing Health Status and Burden of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

The Four Influential Factors on Health Status of Australians

A
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • High body mass index
  • Dietary risks
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2
Q

What is smoking?

A

Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke is inhaled and absorbed into the bloodstream.

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3
Q

What does the impact of tobacco include?

A

The impact of tobacco includes the risks associated with past tobacco use, current use, and exposure to second hand smoke.

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4
Q

What Is Alcohol Use Disorder and What May Indicate the Presence of This?

A

Alcohol misuse over a period of time can indicate the presence of an alcohol use disorder - a disease characterised by ongoing risky alcohol consumption.

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5
Q

Alcoholism

A

Alcoholism is when a person can’t stop drinking once they have started, or has a constant desire to drink alcohol.

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6
Q

Binge Drinking

A

Binge drinking in Australia is defined as consuming more than four standard drinks in one sitting.

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7
Q

Health Concerns due to Smoking

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Cancer
  • Asthma
  • Prenatal and infancy health concerns
  • Respiratory conditions
  • Infections
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8
Q

Burden of Disease due to Smoking

A
  • Responsible for just under 20% of burden of disease for coronary heart disease and 10% for asthma.
  • Responsible for almost 80% of lung cancer DALYs and 72% Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) DALYs.
  • Low birth weight is a leading cause of burden of disease in 0-14 year olds.
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9
Q

Health Status due to Smoking

A
  • Increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  • Increased risk of infection due to low birth weight contributing to increased infant and under-5 mortality rates.
  • Increased morbidity from asthma attacks and infectious diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections.
  • Lower life expectancy and health adjusted life expectancy.
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10
Q

Health Concerns due to Alcohol

A
  • Alcohol use disorder
  • Weight gain, high body mass index and associated conditions including cardiovascular disease, some cancers and type 2 diabetes.
  • Cancer (including mouth, throat, stomach, bowel, liver and breast)
  • Liver disease (including cirrhosis)
  • Injuries
  • Mental health issues and self-harm
  • Prenetal/infant health outcomes (including premature birth, low birth weight and foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
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11
Q

Burden of Disease due to Alcohol

A
  • Responsible for all DALY associated with alcohol use disorders
  • 24% of total burden due to traffic injuries was due to alcohol use
  • Caused 28% of total DALY due to liver diseases
  • Contributed 14% of DALY due to suicide and self-inflicted injuries.
  • Increases YLL and YLD due to cardiovascular disease.
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12
Q

Health Status due to Alcohol

A
  • Increased incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, liver diseases, injuries.
  • Higher rates of morbidity due to mental health issues.
  • Increased infant and under-5 mortality rates.
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13
Q

Alcohol misuse

A

Relates to the excessive consumption of alcohol and includes alcoholism and binge drinking.

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14
Q

Body Mass

A

Relates to the amount of body weight an individual is carrying. Generally, assessments about body mass are made using the body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference measurements.

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15
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A

A statistical measure of body mass calculated by dividing weight (in kg) by height (in m^2). BMI does not take fat distribution into account.

E.g. For someone who is 182 cm tall and weights 88 kg:
BMI = 88/1.82^2
= 88/3.31
= 26.6

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16
Q

Health Concerns due to high BMI

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Some cancers
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Kidney disease
  • Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis
  • Asthma
  • Mental health issues
  • Maternal health conditions
17
Q

Burden of Disease due to high BMI

A
  • Contributes to 54% of diabetes burden.
  • Caused 40% of kidney disease burden.
  • Contributes to 25% of coronary heart disease burden and 21% of stroke burden.
  • YLD for mental health issues, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes and asthma.
18
Q

Health Status due to high BMI

A
  • Increased morbidity and mortality rates due to a range of causes such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and kidney disease.
  • Lower life expectancy and HALE.
19
Q

Health Concerns due to Underconsumption of Vegetables

A
  • High body mass index and associated conditions
  • Various cancers
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Neural tube defects (conditions characterised by damage to the brain and spine, and to the nerve tissue of the spinal cord during prenatal development. E.g. spina bifida, anencephaly)
20
Q

Nutrient Dense

A

Foods that contain a large amount of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals.

21
Q

Antioxidants

A

Compounds in food that neutralise free radicals.

Free radicals are molecules that can damage body cells and increase the risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.

22
Q

Vegetables

A

Vegetables are nutrient dense. They are high in minerals and vitamins, low in kilojoules and high in dietary fibre and antioxidants. Eating a range of them increases the variety and amount of vitamins and minerals consumed. Many of these nutrients promote adequate functioning of body systems, including immune system functioning, which can reduce the incidents of conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, etc.

23
Q

Health Concerns due to Underconsumption of Fruit

A
  • High body mass index and associated conditions
  • Various cancers
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Neural tube defects
24
Q

Fruit

A
  • Provides a range of essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and fibre, while being low in fat and a good source of antioxidants.
  • Reduces risk of conditions such as CVD, cancers and neural tube defects since it promotes adequate functioning of body systems.
  • People who eat adequate amounts of fruit are likely to feel full for longer and are therefore less likely to consume energy dense foods.
25
Q

Energy Dense

A

Foods that contain significant amounts of fat, carbohydrates and/or protein, therefore contributing large amounts of energy to the diet.

26
Q

Dairy

A

Refers to animal milk and products created from animal milk, including cheese and yoghurt. The main nutritional contribution of dairy is the provision of calcium - essential for a range of functions in human body including strengthening of bones and prevention of osteoporosis (a bone disease characterised by weak, porous bones that are at more risk of fracture).

27
Q

Fortified

A

When a nutrient has been artifically added to food to increase its nutritional value.

28
Q

Health Concerns due to Underconsumption of Dairy

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Colorectal cancer
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Dental caries
29
Q

Health concerns due to High Intake of Fat

A

Australians are more likely to overconsume than underconsume this nutrient, and this can have detrimental effects on health and wellbeing.
- High body mass index and associated conditions
- Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease
- Colorectal cancer
- Type 2 diabetes

Atherosclerosis: the build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls making it harder for blood to get through.

30
Q

Health Concerns due to High Intake of Salt

A
  • Increased blood volume and hypertension
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Osteoporosis
31
Q

Health Concerns due to High Intake of Sugar

A
  • High body mass index and associated conditions including cardiovascular disease, some cancers and type 2 diabetes.
  • Dental cariers and dental disease.
32
Q

Four Types of Fat

A
  • Saturated (unhealthy)
  • Trans (unhealthy)
  • Monounsaturated (healthy)
  • Polyunsaturated (healthy)
33
Q

Fibre

A

A type of carbohydrate that is required for optimal health and wellbeing. Two types of fibre are essential for good health and wellbeing: soluble and insoluble. Soluble fibre absorbs water, whereas insoluble fibre does not absorb moisture.

34
Q

Health Concerns due to Low Intake of Fibre

A
  • High body mass index and associated conditions
  • Colorectal cancer
  • High cholesterol and cardiovascular disease
  • Type 2 diabetes

Burden of disease:
- Contributes to DALY associated with colorectal cancer and CVD

Health Status:
- Increased morbidity and mortality rates from colorectal cancer and CVD
- Lower life expectancy and HALE.

35
Q

Iron

A

An essential part of blood. A person who does not get enough iron may develop ion-deficiency anaemia (a condition characterised by tiredness and weakness).

36
Q

Health Concerns due to Low Intake of Iron

A
  • Anaemia

Burden of disease:
- YLD due to anaemia especially among females of childbearing age

Health status:
- Incidence and prevalence of anaemia especially among females of childbearing age.

37
Q

How smoking impacts burden of disease

A
  • Tobacco smoke can cause a fault in body cells as they divide. This can lead to a tumour and, ultimately, cancer. E.g. lung cancer. This contributes to YLD and YLL.
  • Tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, contributing to increased blood pressure and heart rate. This increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This contributes to YLD and YLL.
  • Chemicals in tobacco smoke speed up the process of atherosclerosis (the build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls, making it harder for blood to get through), which significantly increases the risk of heart attack and stroke, contributing to YLD and YLL.
38
Q

How alcohol impacts burden of disease

A
  • Alcohol contains kilojoules and therefore energy, which means it can increase the chances of an individual gaining weight. Over a period of time, alcohol use can contribute to a person becoming overweight or obese. Obesity is itself a risk factor for a range of other conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers, contributing to YLD and YLL
  • Alcohol is filtered through the liver. Excessive consumption can cause scarring of the liver tissue, which can lead to the liver not functioning properly and toxins remaining in the body. Over time, this can lead to chronic liver diseases, contributing to YLD and YLL.
  • Those under the influence of alcohol are more likely to act impulsively and take risks such as drink driving and displaying aggression, which increases morbidity and mortality from of injuries and violence, contributing to YLD and YLL.

Health & Human Development (11 decks)

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