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Biology 191 > Chapters 6-9 > Flashcards

Chapters 6-9 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the two states of energy?

A

Kinetic-movement

Potential- Stored

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1
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

Science of energy transformations

uses Kilicalies

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2
Q

What are the two laws of energy?

A
  1. Energy can be changed from one form to a second form but not created or destroyed.
  2. In energy conversions the potential energy of the final state is always less than the potential energy of the initial state
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3
Q

What type of energy do these elements use?

  1. Heat
  2. Electrical
  3. Light
  4. Sound
  5. Chemical
A
  1. kinetic and potential
  2. kinetic and potential
  3. kinetic
  4. kinetic
  5. kinetic and potential
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4
Q

If the second law is true, that means?

A

Some energy is given off during conversions

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5
Q

What is exergonic?

A

Energy is given off

Potentially the reaction could be spontaneous

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6
Q

What is endergonic reactions?

A

Requires energy

Must be coupled to an exergonic reation

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7
Q

What is entropy?

A

The disorder or randomness of a system

Things tend toward greater entropy

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8
Q

What do these things mean?

  1. H
  2. Delta H
  3. G
  4. Delta G
  5. T
  6. Delta S
A
  1. Potential energy
  2. Change in potential energy
  3. Gives free energy
  4. Change in gives free energy
  5. Temperature
  6. Change in entropy
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9
Q

What does Delta G = Delta H- T Delta S mean?

A

Change in gives free energy = the change in potential energy minus temperature and change in entropy.

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10
Q

What happens in every reaction?

A

Some energy is lost to entropy, increasing it

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11
Q

What are enzymes needed for?

A

Metabolism

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12
Q

What are synthetic reactions?

A

Anabolism

Endergonic

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13
Q

What are breakdown reactions?

A

Catabolism

Exergonic

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14
Q

What is the structure of enzymes?

A
  • Globular
  • protein
  • three structures
  • active site
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15
Q

What are the three main structures of an enzyme?

A
  • Primary- order of amino structure
  • Secondary- how it coils in on itself
  • Third- how it forms a globe like shape
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16
Q

What is the enzyme active site?

A

where the substrate attaches

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17
Q

What is a biological catalyst?

A
  • Speed up reaction
  • not used up in reaction
  • very specific in what they do
  • many different types
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18
Q

What is a control site of the enzyme?

A
  • called allosteric site
  • changes it to go faster or slower
  • allosteric inhibitor
  • feedback inhibition
  • end-product inhibition
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19
Q

What are coenzymes (cofactors)?

A
  • organic molecules

- carries electrons

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20
Q

Where are enzymes?

A

EVERYWHERE

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21
Q

How are enzymes arranged?

A

in groups

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22
Q

Are all biological catalysts made of protein?

A

No some are RNA ACT as catalysts called ribozymes

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23
Q

What is ATP?

A

Energy currency of the cell

the T means Tri

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24
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The ability to make food in the presence of sunlight/artificial light.
The process by which the energy of light is used to fix or reduce CO2 into organic compounds

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25
Q

What is an autotroph?

A
  • self feeders
  • they do photosynthesis
  • includes plants, algae/protista, and some bacteria
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26
Q

What is an heterotrph?

A

non self feeders
do not use Photosynthesis
includes animals, some bacteria, fungi, and some protists

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27
Q

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2+12H2O + light -> C6H12O6 (glucose) +6 H2O + 6O2

Carbon is reduced

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28
Q

What is the function of photosynthesis?

A

To make glucose/sugar

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29
Q

How much photosynthesis occurs on land compared to the ocean?

A

A bit under 50% happens on land. A bit over 50% happens in the oceans

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30
Q

What is the overall procedure of photosynthesis?

A
  • Capture sun’s energy
  • make ATP and NADPH
  • Use ATP and NADPH to make sugar
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31
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

in the green parts of plants

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32
Q

What is the general leaf stucture?

A
  • Top= upper epidermis- also called cuticle
  • Bottom= lower epidermis- contains stoma
  • inside= mesophyll
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33
Q

What is the structure of the mesophyllf?

A
  • contains 1 or more rows of vertical cells called Palisade mesophyll (photosynthesis happens mostly here)
  • Below are cells arranged in spongy formation called spongy mesophyll (somewhat photosynthesis)
  • Veins contain conducting cells and protective cells
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34
Q

What cells bring molecules up and which ones bring them down in a leaf?

A

xylem- up

phloem- down

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35
Q

What is the structure of a thylakoid?

A

individual sacks inside the chloroplast. contain photosystems and photosynthesis happens here.

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36
Q

Is light necessary in all parts of photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is a 2-part process. Light-dependent and light-independent reactions

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37
Q

What is light-dependent reactions?

A

Directly dependent on light

using sun’s energy to make ATP and NADPH

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38
Q

What are light-independent reactions?

A

Use ATP and NADPH to make sugar
chemical reactions
also called the calvin cycle

39
Q

What is light?

A

radiant energy from the sun. Happens in waves and particles. The light energy particles are called photons. The longer the wave, the less energetic the photon is

40
Q

What are the kinds of photosynthetic pigments?

A

Chlorophyll- green
Carotenoids- yellow/oranges
Phycobiloproteins- Red/Blue

41
Q

What is Chlorophyll?

A

Main pigment in thylakoid membranes and in photosystems.

Three kinds. Chlorophyll A main pigment. Chlorophyll B and Chlorophyll C are accessory pigments

42
Q

What is the chemical equation for light dependent reactions?

A

H2O+NADP+ADP+P->light-> NADPH+O2+ATP

43
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

Electron movement cause proton accumulation in thylosac which cased ATP synthesis.
shows up in chloroplast and mitochondria called chemiosmosis

44
Q

What are light-independent reactions?

A

use ATP+NADPH to make sugar
happens in stroma
called calvin cycle

45
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

A

3 CO2->3-5C sugars (RuBP) receive -> 6-3C (PGA)-> energizing by 6ATP and broken down to 6ADP+6P -> 6-3C-> splitting to 6 NADPH, 6NADP+, 6-3C (G3P) -> 1 G3P leaves-> glucose. 5-3C goes and reorganizes to 3-5C using 3 ATP

46
Q

What are C3 plants?

A

Light dependent and go through the Calvin Cycle

47
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

Rubisco enzyme is slow but also can work backwards and destroy sugar
happens when it is hot

48
Q

Why does photorespiration happens when it is hot?

A

Close stomata, carbon dioxide will be used up and concentration goes down.

49
Q

What are C4 plants?

A
  • light dependent reactions
  • go through calvin cycle
  • also have a C4 enzyme (makes it better)
  • has a delivery system for Calvin cycle
  • CO2 is picked up in one place and used somewhere else
50
Q

What is used in the C4 cycle and is more expensive to use?

A

ATP

51
Q

What is PEP carboxylase?

A
  • No photorespiration
  • more expensive
  • makes sugar even if the stomata are closed a lot
52
Q

What are examples of C4 plants?

A
  • Corn
  • Sugarcane
  • Crabgrass
53
Q

What is ATP used for?

A

Movement

drive endergonic reactions

54
Q

What is the formula for Cellular Aerobic Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 (glucose)+6O2->32 ATP 6CO2+H2O

55
Q

What type of reaction is Anabolic?

A

Endergonic

56
Q

What type of reaction is Catabolic reaction?

A

Exergonic

57
Q

How are Catabolic and anabolic reactions related?

A

Catabolic reactions provide energy for the anabolic reactions

58
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Splitting of sugar

59
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

In the cytoplasm

not officially cellular aerobic respiration

60
Q

Where does aerobic respiration happen?

A

Mitochondria

61
Q

What is the process of glycolysis?

A

glucose->2-3C (2 pyruvate). Gets 4 ATP + 2 NADH’s (electron carrier). Cell uses 2 ATP but receives 4 ATP + 2 NADH

62
Q

What is the process of aerobic respiration?

A

two parts
pyruvate -> 2C+1C.
2C-> 1C+1C.

63
Q

Where does the oxidation of pyruvate happen?

A

in mitochondria

64
Q

How is a pyruvate oxidized?

A

2 pyruvate (2-3C) -> 2 coenzyme A-> 2-3C (acetyl group) +2-1C (CO2)

65
Q

What is the process of the Krebs Cycle?

A

Acetyl+Coenzyme A -> 4C -> 6C -> NADH +CO2 (leaves) -> 5C -> 4C -> ATP -> 4C -> repeats to beginning -> FADH2 + NADH

66
Q

What is an electron transport chain?

A

A series of membrane bound electron carriers foubnd in the inner membrane

67
Q

How do electrons move in an electron transport chain?

A

Move to oxygen in the end

-make water

68
Q

What is the Chemiosmosis theory?

A

That in the inner membrane space the PH is acidic

69
Q

What is Fermentation?

A

when low energy electrons are taken by organic molecules

70
Q

What is fermentation called in animal cells?

A

lactic acid

71
Q

How are signals received between two cells?

A

By receptor proteins

and in three stages

72
Q

Where is receptor proteins located?

A

either in the cell or in the cell membrane/plasma membrane

73
Q

What are the three stages involved in cell signaling?

A
  1. Signal is received by protein, signal attaches to receptor.
  2. signal transduction, translation of the signal into a response
  3. response
74
Q

Where does the signal received by cells stop?

A

At the protein, though it provides chemical information to continue to the end

75
Q

What are the four types of signaling?

A
  1. Paracrine
  2. endocrine
  3. Synaptic
  4. Direct
76
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A
  • local
  • cells sends to a cell close by
  • Ex. Embryo
77
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A
  • much further
  • distant cells
  • hormones are used
  • travels through blood vessels
78
Q

What is synaptic signaling?

A
  • nerve cells

- nerve to another cell

79
Q

What is direct contact signaling?

A
  • touching cells

- uses gap junction

80
Q

What must the signal be to be received by an intracellular receptor?

A

lipid soluble

ex. ligand

81
Q

How to intracellular receptors act?

A

as gene regulator

  • turns on genes
  • regulates steroid hormones
82
Q

What type of signals are received on the cell surface?

A

Not lipid soluble

83
Q

What kind of receptors are on the cell surface?

A

Enzyme- Kinase (adds a phosphate group)
Chemically gated ion receptors- channel through which ions move
Gene protein coupled receptors- signal binding site on outside and gene protein binding site on inside

84
Q

What is the different secondary messengers in cells?

A

Ions or smaller molecules

85
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

Chromatin. 40% DNA. 60% protein

86
Q

What happens to DNA during cell division?

A

all DNA is condensed

87
Q

What are the two stages DNA is in when the cell is not dividing?

A

Some DNA is permanently condensed (Heterochromatin) . Much of it is un-condensed (euchromatin)

88
Q

What is the structure chromosomes?

A

has two halves- 2 sister chromatids
centromere is the section that is held together
has cohesion protein holds the chromatids together
kinetochores are there to attached microtubulars when needed

89
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

a process of growth and division of cells

90
Q

What are the 5 phases of the cell cycle?

A 
Gap phase 1 (G1)
DNA synthesis (S)
Gap phase 2 (G2)
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
91
Q

What is G1?

A

Cell grows here

92
Q

What is S?

A

DNA replicates and makes anew molecule

93
Q

What is G2?

A

more stuff is made

94
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of 1 nucleus into 2 nuclei

95
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

division of 1 cell into 2 cells

Biology 191 (5 decks)

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