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Biology 191 > Chapter 1-6 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-6 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Internal conditions stay relatively constant

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1
Q

What are the 10 things that define life?

A
  1. Made of atoms and molecules
  2. grow and reproduce
  3. Contains genetic information
  4. Can obtain and use energy from environment
  5. Regulation and coordination
  6. Sensitive to environment
  7. interaction
  8. Homeostasis
  9. Molecules build to organelles
  10. Genetic information can change
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2
Q

What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. experiments
  4. write paper
  5. peer-review
  6. published
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3
Q

What are 7 main themes and theories of biology?

A
  1. Cell theory
  2. Storage and use of genetic information
  3. central dogma
  4. function and structure of controls
  5. evolution change in a population through time
  6. natural selection process that leads to evolution
  7. Ecology
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4
Q

What is ecology?

A

interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment

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5
Q

What is natural selection?

A

A process where some organisms in a population do better than others. these reproduce and survive

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6
Q

What must organisms do in order to be apart of natural selection?

A

reproduce sexually
be variable
tested by their environment

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7
Q

What are atoms?

A

Make up matter

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8
Q

What is the nucleus of atoms made up of?

A

protons and nuetons

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9
Q

Where are electrons located?

A

In orbitals and differnt energy levels

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10
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

the number of protons

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11
Q

What is C?

A

Carbon

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12
Q

What is H?

A

Hydrogen

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13
Q

What is N?

A

Nitrogen

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14
Q

What is O?

A

Oxygen

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15
Q

What is S?

A

Sulfur

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16
Q

What is P?

A

Phosphorus

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17
Q

What is K?

A

Potassium

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18
Q

What is CA?

A

calcium

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19
Q

What is Fe?

A

Iron

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20
Q

What is Na?

A

Sodium

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21
Q

What is Cl?

A

chlorine

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22
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gaining of an electron

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23
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of an electron

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24
Q

What do more stable atoms have?

A

a full outer electron energy level

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25
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

When a positive atom is attracted to a negative one

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26
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

shared electrons

shown by a solid line

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27
Q

Can polar molecules dissolve in water?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Can non polar molecules dissolve in water?

A

no

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29
Q

Can ionic compounds dissolve in water?

A

Yes

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30
Q

What is a solution?

A

A liquid mixture where a solvent and a solute mix together

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31
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A liquid that has the ability to dissolve other materials

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32
Q

What is a solute?

A

the item that is dissolved in the solvent

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33
Q

What is something called when it is soluble?

A

hydrophilic

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34
Q

What is cohesion ?

A

When like objects attract

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35
Q

what is adhesion?

A

Attraction of unlike substance

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36
Q

Why does ice float?

A

hydrogen bonds hold molecules slightly apart creating a lighter substance

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37
Q

What is specific heat?

A

amount of energy or heat absorbed by 1 gram of a substance to raise its temperature by 1 degree c

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38
Q

Why does water have a high specific heat?

A

because of the hydrogen bonds

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39
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance that tends to realease an ionized hydrogen into a solution

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40
Q

What is a base?

A

A compound that tends to release OH negative into a solution. also can be a compound that tends to take up H positive

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41
Q

What is an enzyme?

A 
Molecules that speed up reactions
made of protein
many types
not used up or changed by reactions
have to keep PH constant
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42
Q

What helps keep PH constant?

A

Buffer

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43
Q

What do organic molecules always contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, a carbon core/skeleton

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44
Q

What is dehydration reaction?

A

monomers are put together into a polymer

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45
Q

What is the hydrolysis reaction?

A

Monomers are broken apart into a polymer

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46
Q

What is a pentose?

A

5-carbon sugar.

IE deoxyribose in DNA

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47
Q

What is the 6-carbon sugar called and whats an example?

A

Hexose. GLucose

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48
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

many monomers that join together

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49
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats, oils, etc
not H2O soluble
variety
contain energy

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50
Q

What are the five main types of lipids?

A 
Fatty acids
fat and oil molecules
phospholipids
waxes
steroids
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51
Q

What are fatty acids made of?

A

long chain of carbon attached to a COOH (acid group)

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52
Q

What are fat and oil molecules made of?

A

consists of three fatty acids and are connected by a triple of carbons

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53
Q

What are phospholipids made of?

A

consists of two fatty acids (no polar end) that are connected by a triple of carbons with a phosphate containing group (polar end)

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54
Q

What are six of the functions of protein?

A 
Enzymes
structural elements
some are hormones
used for transport
cell surface reception, taking in messages from the outside of cells
recognize foreign elements
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55
Q

What is the primary structure of protein?

A

the order of amino acids

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56
Q

What is the secondary structure of protein?

A

either the coiling up of a chain into an alpha helix or the bending of the chain into a beta sheet

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57
Q

What is a motif?

A

a repeating element

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58
Q

What is the tertiary structure of protein?

A

folding of secondary structure into something more globe like

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59
Q

What is the domain of a protein?

A

functional sections of a protein

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60
Q

What is the quaternary structure of protein?

A

when more than one chain form in protein. Ex hemoglobin

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61
Q

What is denature/denaturation?

A

happens when something goes wrong with protein. IE incorrect PH, temperature, certain chemicals

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62
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate
a nucleotide plus two phosphates
energy currency molecule

63
Q

What is cell theory?

A

group of ideas that came about 1830-1860.

  • all living organisms are made of cells
  • cells are the smallest living unit
  • cells come from other cells
  • hereditary information is carried by cells
  • chemical reactions go on in cells
64
Q

What three people helped come up with cell theory?

A

Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow

65
Q

What was Robert Hooke contribution and when did it take place?

A

1665, looked at bark of oak trees, saw that it was made of holes and named those holes a cell

66
Q

Who observed pond water, sperm, etc under a microscope?

A

Van Leeuwenhoek in the late 1600’s

67
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A 
Bacteria
have genetic information in DNA
no nucleus, only a nucleoid
no membrane bound organelles
came before eukaryotes
also tends to be bacteria
68
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

Everything besides bacteria
has genetic information in DNA
DNA is in the nucleus of cell
there are membrane bound organelles

69
Q

What does the measurement M stand for and how much is it?

A

Meter, 39 inches

70
Q

What does the measurement MM stand for and how long is it?

A

Millimeter, 1000 millimeter in 1 meter or 10^3 in one meter, 1 millimeter in 10^-3 meters

71
Q

What does the measurement mM stand for and how long is it?

A

micrometer. 1000000 micrometer in 1 meter, 10^6 in one meter, 1 micrometer in 10^-6 meter

72
Q

How large is the typical prokaryote cell?

A

1-10 mM

73
Q

How big is the typical eukaryote cell?

A

10-100 mM

74
Q

What does the measurement NM stand for and how long is it?

A

Nanometer. 10^9 nanometer in a meter. 1 nanometer in 10^-9 meter

75
Q

What is the diameter of DNA?

A

2 nanometer

76
Q

What does resolve mean?

A

The ability to tell apart two things

77
Q

How much can the human eye resolve?

A

To about 0.1 nm

78
Q

How much can light microscopes resolve to?

A

0.2 mM

79
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A

Transmission Electron

Scanning Electron

80
Q

What can you view with a transmission electron microscopes and what is the resolution?

A

Can look inside the object

0.2 nm

81
Q

What can you view using a scanning electron microscope?

A

surface of object

82
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

around the outside of the cell
all cells have it
made of phospholipids and proteins

83
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

located inside the membrane besides the nucleus

contains water and organelles

84
Q

What is the location of genetic information in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes- nucleoid

eukaryotes- nucleus

85
Q

Are ribosomes membrane bound organelles?

A

no

86
Q

What do the cells of prokaryotes look like?

A 
Have a cell wall
some have a capsule
simple cytoplasm
ribosomes
flagellum
87
Q

What is a capsule?

A

additional adhesive that goes around cell walls

88
Q

What is a nucleus?

A 
Eukaryotic characteristic
stores genetic information
controls the use of DNA
usually one nucleus per cell
usually the largest organeele in the cell
89
Q

What is the structure of a nucleus?

A 
Round
has a pair of membranes surrounding it that is broken by nuclear pores
contains chromosomes
often have two copies of each chromosome
often contains nucleolus
90
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

has very active metabolic activity, appears dark in stain

91
Q

What does ER stand for?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

92
Q

What is an endoplasmic reticulum?

A

netlike substance in cells
network of membranes in cells
sometimes looks like tubes or even sacks

93
Q

What is the function of ER?

A

place where lipids and carbohydrates are made (smooth ER)
Place where proteins are synthesized (rough ER)
channel molecules around
divide cytoplasm

94
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

ER that holds ribosome son surface to synthesized proteins

95
Q

What is a smooth ER?

A

a ER that is just the membrane. Makes lipids and carbohydrates

96
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

little protein factories
appear in large numbers
made of proteins, ribosomal RNA
located either on rough ER, or free in cytoplasm

97
Q

What are the functions of Golgi bodies?

A

process molecules,
package molecules
store molecules
send off and transport molecules

98
Q

What do Golgi bodies look like?

A

look like a stack of pancakes

99
Q

What types of vesicles go in and out of golgi bodies?

A

transport vesicles go in

secretory vesicles go out

100
Q

What are vesicles

A

little membrane bound thing carrying something

101
Q

What two things can combine to create a glycolipid?

A

sugars and lipids

102
Q

What is a glycoprotein made of?

A

sugar and protein

103
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

little digestive vesicles

104
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

carry enzymes to digest
digest old organelles
digest food particles
digest dangerous bacterium

105
Q

What is a central vacuole?

A

found in plants

contains lots of water, ion, sugar, waste products, color pigmetns

106
Q

What is the purpose of a central vacuole?

A

The water provides pressure and helps keep the plant solid and sturdy

107
Q

What is contractile vacuole?

A

keeps organisms from exploding from too much water by pumping water out

108
Q

Where are cell walls found?

A

in fungi, plants, some protists,

not found in animals

109
Q

what is the cell wall made of?

A

cellulose

matrix

110
Q

What is the matrix in cell walls made of?

A

lipids
lignin (makes it strong)
pectin substance (sticky)

111
Q

What is the structure of a cell wall?

A

middle lamella- line between cells
Primary wall- wall inside of cells
plasma dermatan- communicates between cells
secondary wall- much thicker and stronger than primary wall

112
Q

Where is mitochondria found?

A

in all eukaryotes

113
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

cellular aerobic respiration occurs here

use sugars to make ATP

114
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria

A

outer membrane- overall diameter of 0.5 mM
inside has a great amount of membrane because it is folded in on itself
contains an inner matrix

115
Q

What are the folds in mitochondria called?

A

crista

116
Q

Where is the chloroplast located?

A

in plants and some protists

117
Q

What is the function of chloroplast?

A

site of photosynthesis

118
Q

What is the structure of chloroplast?

A

two membranes- outer and inner
little bigger than mitochondria- 4-6 mM
inside has stack of membranes that looks like pancakes
has it own DNA

119
Q

What are the stacks of membranes called in the chloroplast?

A

thylakoid

120
Q

What are each stack called in chloroplast?

A

granum

121
Q

Why does the chloroplast and mitochondria contain some DNA

A

arose from one cell engulfing another (endosymbiont theory)

122
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

network of fibers (protein) in cytoplasm

123
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

anchoring organelles
support cell shape
movement

124
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeletons?

A

Microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments

125
Q

What are microtubules

A 
made of protein
hollow
move chromosomes in cell division
move vesicles and other things
move cilia and flagella 
form cell plate in plant cell division
126
Q

What are actin filaments?

A 
microfilaments
made of actin
used in muscles
involved in cell crawling
used in animal cell division
127
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

structural stability

128
Q

What are the two different types of cell identity?

A

cell surface markers

tissue level

129
Q

What two molecules are used for cell surface markers?

A

protein and carbohydrate

130
Q

What two molecules are used for tissue level cell identity?

A

lipid and carbohydrate

131
Q

What are the four types of cell junctions?

A

tight junction,
desmosomes
gap junction
plasmodesmata

132
Q

What are the two main categories for cell junctions?

A

either communication junctions or attachment junctions

133
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

animal
holds cells tightly together
prevents any leakage between cells

134
Q

What is desmosomes?

A

uses the intermediate filaments in cytoplasm and cadherin
strong
found in skin cells
animal

135
Q

What is gap junction?

A

found in animal
used for communication
ions and other molecules can move between cells to communicate

136
Q

What is plasmodesmata?

A

found in plant cells

compounds can move across for ccommunication

137
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

40-50% phospholipids

50-60% proteins

138
Q

What is the lipid bilayer?

A

When the phospholipids and the proteins are together and molecules can move around

139
Q

What are the six types of membrane proteins?

A 
transporter molecules
enzyme
cell surface receptor
identity markers
cell-to-cell adhesion
attachment to the cytoskeleton
140
Q

What are the transporter molecules?

A

there is the channel and carriers
channels-open like a pore
carriers- opens up by itself

141
Q

What is the use of enzymes in the membrane?

A

to help identify

142
Q

What are cell surface receptors?

A

takes a signal and it tells the cell the response

143
Q

What are identity markers?

A

protein with a carbohydrate chain attached

144
Q

what is cell-to-cell adhesion?

A

proteins that are attached to one another

145
Q

what is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

146
Q

What does direct diffusion deal with?

A

O2 and CO2

147
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of H2O molecules from high concentration to a low concentration area

148
Q

What does isosmotic mean?

A

equal or isotonic

149
Q

What is the higher concentration of molecules?

A

hyperosmotic

150
Q

what is the lower concentration of molecules called?

A

hypoosmotic

151
Q

When diffusion uses ion channels, what way does the molecules move?

A

from high to low concentration

152
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

when it is helped out by protein carrier

only from high to low concentrations

153
Q

What is active transport?

A

uses atp
uses protein carrier
taking from low to high concentration

154
Q

What is coupled transport

A

appears with active transport carrier
can only function if two different molecules appear
uses the ATP from the active transport

Biology 191 (5 decks)

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