Chapter 1-6 Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
Internal conditions stay relatively constant
What are the 10 things that define life?
- Made of atoms and molecules
- grow and reproduce
- Contains genetic information
- Can obtain and use energy from environment
- Regulation and coordination
- Sensitive to environment
- interaction
- Homeostasis
- Molecules build to organelles
- Genetic information can change
What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?
- Observation
- Hypothesis
- experiments
- write paper
- peer-review
- published
What are 7 main themes and theories of biology?
- Cell theory
- Storage and use of genetic information
- central dogma
- function and structure of controls
- evolution change in a population through time
- natural selection process that leads to evolution
- Ecology
What is ecology?
interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment
What is natural selection?
A process where some organisms in a population do better than others. these reproduce and survive
What must organisms do in order to be apart of natural selection?
reproduce sexually
be variable
tested by their environment
What are atoms?
Make up matter
What is the nucleus of atoms made up of?
protons and nuetons
Where are electrons located?
In orbitals and differnt energy levels
What is the atomic number?
the number of protons
What is C?
Carbon
What is H?
Hydrogen
What is N?
Nitrogen
What is O?
Oxygen
What is S?
Sulfur
What is P?
Phosphorus
What is K?
Potassium
What is CA?
calcium
What is Fe?
Iron
What is Na?
Sodium
What is Cl?
chlorine
What is reduction?
The gaining of an electron
What is oxidation?
The loss of an electron
What do more stable atoms have?
a full outer electron energy level
What is an ionic bond?
When a positive atom is attracted to a negative one
What is a covalent bond?
shared electrons
shown by a solid line
Can polar molecules dissolve in water?
Yes
Can non polar molecules dissolve in water?
no
Can ionic compounds dissolve in water?
Yes
What is a solution?
A liquid mixture where a solvent and a solute mix together
What is a solvent?
A liquid that has the ability to dissolve other materials
What is a solute?
the item that is dissolved in the solvent
What is something called when it is soluble?
hydrophilic
What is cohesion ?
When like objects attract
what is adhesion?
Attraction of unlike substance
Why does ice float?
hydrogen bonds hold molecules slightly apart creating a lighter substance
What is specific heat?
amount of energy or heat absorbed by 1 gram of a substance to raise its temperature by 1 degree c
Why does water have a high specific heat?
because of the hydrogen bonds
What is an acid?
A substance that tends to realease an ionized hydrogen into a solution
What is a base?
A compound that tends to release OH negative into a solution. also can be a compound that tends to take up H positive
What is an enzyme?
Molecules that speed up reactions made of protein many types not used up or changed by reactions have to keep PH constant
What helps keep PH constant?
Buffer
What do organic molecules always contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, a carbon core/skeleton
What is dehydration reaction?
monomers are put together into a polymer
What is the hydrolysis reaction?
Monomers are broken apart into a polymer
What is a pentose?
5-carbon sugar.
IE deoxyribose in DNA
What is the 6-carbon sugar called and whats an example?
Hexose. GLucose
What is a polysaccharide?
many monomers that join together
What are lipids?
Fats, oils, etc
not H2O soluble
variety
contain energy
What are the five main types of lipids?
Fatty acids fat and oil molecules phospholipids waxes steroids
What are fatty acids made of?
long chain of carbon attached to a COOH (acid group)
What are fat and oil molecules made of?
consists of three fatty acids and are connected by a triple of carbons
What are phospholipids made of?
consists of two fatty acids (no polar end) that are connected by a triple of carbons with a phosphate containing group (polar end)
What are six of the functions of protein?
Enzymes structural elements some are hormones used for transport cell surface reception, taking in messages from the outside of cells recognize foreign elements
What is the primary structure of protein?
the order of amino acids
What is the secondary structure of protein?
either the coiling up of a chain into an alpha helix or the bending of the chain into a beta sheet
What is a motif?
a repeating element
What is the tertiary structure of protein?
folding of secondary structure into something more globe like
What is the domain of a protein?
functional sections of a protein
What is the quaternary structure of protein?
when more than one chain form in protein. Ex hemoglobin
What is denature/denaturation?
happens when something goes wrong with protein. IE incorrect PH, temperature, certain chemicals
What is ATP?
adenosine triphosphate
a nucleotide plus two phosphates
energy currency molecule
What is cell theory?
group of ideas that came about 1830-1860.
- all living organisms are made of cells
- cells are the smallest living unit
- cells come from other cells
- hereditary information is carried by cells
- chemical reactions go on in cells
What three people helped come up with cell theory?
Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
What was Robert Hooke contribution and when did it take place?
1665, looked at bark of oak trees, saw that it was made of holes and named those holes a cell
Who observed pond water, sperm, etc under a microscope?
Van Leeuwenhoek in the late 1600’s
What are prokaryotes?
Bacteria have genetic information in DNA no nucleus, only a nucleoid no membrane bound organelles came before eukaryotes also tends to be bacteria
What is a eukaryote?
Everything besides bacteria
has genetic information in DNA
DNA is in the nucleus of cell
there are membrane bound organelles
What does the measurement M stand for and how much is it?
Meter, 39 inches
What does the measurement MM stand for and how long is it?
Millimeter, 1000 millimeter in 1 meter or 10^3 in one meter, 1 millimeter in 10^-3 meters
What does the measurement mM stand for and how long is it?
micrometer. 1000000 micrometer in 1 meter, 10^6 in one meter, 1 micrometer in 10^-6 meter
How large is the typical prokaryote cell?
1-10 mM
How big is the typical eukaryote cell?
10-100 mM
What does the measurement NM stand for and how long is it?
Nanometer. 10^9 nanometer in a meter. 1 nanometer in 10^-9 meter
What is the diameter of DNA?
2 nanometer
What does resolve mean?
The ability to tell apart two things
How much can the human eye resolve?
To about 0.1 nm
How much can light microscopes resolve to?
0.2 mM
What are the two types of electron microscopes?
Transmission Electron
Scanning Electron
What can you view with a transmission electron microscopes and what is the resolution?
Can look inside the object
0.2 nm
What can you view using a scanning electron microscope?
surface of object
What is the plasma membrane?
around the outside of the cell
all cells have it
made of phospholipids and proteins
What is the cytoplasm?
located inside the membrane besides the nucleus
contains water and organelles
What is the location of genetic information in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes- nucleoid
eukaryotes- nucleus
Are ribosomes membrane bound organelles?
no
What do the cells of prokaryotes look like?
Have a cell wall some have a capsule simple cytoplasm ribosomes flagellum
What is a capsule?
additional adhesive that goes around cell walls
What is a nucleus?
Eukaryotic characteristic stores genetic information controls the use of DNA usually one nucleus per cell usually the largest organeele in the cell
What is the structure of a nucleus?
Round has a pair of membranes surrounding it that is broken by nuclear pores contains chromosomes often have two copies of each chromosome often contains nucleolus
What is a nucleolus?
has very active metabolic activity, appears dark in stain
What does ER stand for?
endoplasmic reticulum
What is an endoplasmic reticulum?
netlike substance in cells
network of membranes in cells
sometimes looks like tubes or even sacks
What is the function of ER?
place where lipids and carbohydrates are made (smooth ER)
Place where proteins are synthesized (rough ER)
channel molecules around
divide cytoplasm
What is the rough ER?
ER that holds ribosome son surface to synthesized proteins
What is a smooth ER?
a ER that is just the membrane. Makes lipids and carbohydrates
What are ribosomes?
little protein factories
appear in large numbers
made of proteins, ribosomal RNA
located either on rough ER, or free in cytoplasm
What are the functions of Golgi bodies?
process molecules,
package molecules
store molecules
send off and transport molecules
What do Golgi bodies look like?
look like a stack of pancakes
What types of vesicles go in and out of golgi bodies?
transport vesicles go in
secretory vesicles go out
What are vesicles
little membrane bound thing carrying something
What two things can combine to create a glycolipid?
sugars and lipids
What is a glycoprotein made of?
sugar and protein
What are lysosomes?
little digestive vesicles
What is the function of lysosomes?
carry enzymes to digest
digest old organelles
digest food particles
digest dangerous bacterium
What is a central vacuole?
found in plants
contains lots of water, ion, sugar, waste products, color pigmetns
What is the purpose of a central vacuole?
The water provides pressure and helps keep the plant solid and sturdy
What is contractile vacuole?
keeps organisms from exploding from too much water by pumping water out
Where are cell walls found?
in fungi, plants, some protists,
not found in animals
what is the cell wall made of?
cellulose
matrix
What is the matrix in cell walls made of?
lipids
lignin (makes it strong)
pectin substance (sticky)
What is the structure of a cell wall?
middle lamella- line between cells
Primary wall- wall inside of cells
plasma dermatan- communicates between cells
secondary wall- much thicker and stronger than primary wall
Where is mitochondria found?
in all eukaryotes
What is the function of mitochondria?
cellular aerobic respiration occurs here
use sugars to make ATP
What is the structure of mitochondria
outer membrane- overall diameter of 0.5 mM
inside has a great amount of membrane because it is folded in on itself
contains an inner matrix
What are the folds in mitochondria called?
crista
Where is the chloroplast located?
in plants and some protists
What is the function of chloroplast?
site of photosynthesis
What is the structure of chloroplast?
two membranes- outer and inner
little bigger than mitochondria- 4-6 mM
inside has stack of membranes that looks like pancakes
has it own DNA
What are the stacks of membranes called in the chloroplast?
thylakoid
What are each stack called in chloroplast?
granum
Why does the chloroplast and mitochondria contain some DNA
arose from one cell engulfing another (endosymbiont theory)
What is the cytoskeleton?
network of fibers (protein) in cytoplasm
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
anchoring organelles
support cell shape
movement
What are the three types of cytoskeletons?
Microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments
What are microtubules
made of protein hollow move chromosomes in cell division move vesicles and other things move cilia and flagella form cell plate in plant cell division
What are actin filaments?
microfilaments made of actin used in muscles involved in cell crawling used in animal cell division
What are intermediate filaments?
structural stability
What are the two different types of cell identity?
cell surface markers
tissue level
What two molecules are used for cell surface markers?
protein and carbohydrate
What two molecules are used for tissue level cell identity?
lipid and carbohydrate
What are the four types of cell junctions?
tight junction,
desmosomes
gap junction
plasmodesmata
What are the two main categories for cell junctions?
either communication junctions or attachment junctions
What are tight junctions?
animal
holds cells tightly together
prevents any leakage between cells
What is desmosomes?
uses the intermediate filaments in cytoplasm and cadherin
strong
found in skin cells
animal
What is gap junction?
found in animal
used for communication
ions and other molecules can move between cells to communicate
What is plasmodesmata?
found in plant cells
compounds can move across for ccommunication
What is the cell membrane made of?
40-50% phospholipids
50-60% proteins
What is the lipid bilayer?
When the phospholipids and the proteins are together and molecules can move around
What are the six types of membrane proteins?
transporter molecules enzyme cell surface receptor identity markers cell-to-cell adhesion attachment to the cytoskeleton
What are the transporter molecules?
there is the channel and carriers
channels-open like a pore
carriers- opens up by itself
What is the use of enzymes in the membrane?
to help identify
What are cell surface receptors?
takes a signal and it tells the cell the response
What are identity markers?
protein with a carbohydrate chain attached
what is cell-to-cell adhesion?
proteins that are attached to one another
what is diffusion?
movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
What does direct diffusion deal with?
O2 and CO2
What is osmosis?
diffusion of H2O molecules from high concentration to a low concentration area
What does isosmotic mean?
equal or isotonic
What is the higher concentration of molecules?
hyperosmotic
what is the lower concentration of molecules called?
hypoosmotic
When diffusion uses ion channels, what way does the molecules move?
from high to low concentration
What is facilitated diffusion?
when it is helped out by protein carrier
only from high to low concentrations
What is active transport?
uses atp
uses protein carrier
taking from low to high concentration
What is coupled transport
appears with active transport carrier
can only function if two different molecules appear
uses the ATP from the active transport
