Chapters 6-8

Question 1

Rules that reflect the values, expectations, and actual behaviors of groups in everyday life. They are not necessarily the norms found in the criminal law.

Answer 1

conduct norms

Question 2

Criminal laws that prohibit specific conduct and provide punishments for violations.

Answer 2

crime norms

Question 3

Theory stating that delinquency is the culmination of a process that begins at conception and evolves through adolescence; the more a child is oppressed, the greater the likelihood he or she will become delinquent.

Answer 3

differential oppression theory

Question 4

A form of negative labeling by the juvenile justice system that stigmatizes and excludes targeted youths, tossing them into a class of outcasts.

Answer 4

disintegrative shaming

Question 5

The mistaken notion that delinquents and nondelinquents are two fundamentally different types of people.

Answer 5

dualistic fallacy

Question 6

Theory suggesting that serious delinquency is the result of the reproduction of coercive control patterns tied to the relationship between production and class structure in capitalist societies.

Answer 6

integrated structural-Marxist theory

Question 7

The primary perceived status of an individual; it determines how other people initially react when they see or meet the person for the first time.

Answer 7

master status

Question 8

Deviant behavior that everyone engages in occasionally.

Answer 8

primary deviation

Question 9

An approach to juvenile justice whereby police and the courts would, whenever possible, “leave kids alone.”

Answer 9

radical nonintervention

Question 10

Who’s theory suggests that reintegrative shaming punishes the act while affirming the actor, whereas disintegrative shaming punishes both the act and the actor?

Answer 10

John Braithwaite

Question 11

Who was the guru for labeling theory and wrote Outsiders and also The Other Side? He said criminologist’s research was flawed because it is centered around the question, “Why do they do it?” He considered the process of becoming deviant, the deviant act, getting caught, the idea of master status.

Answer 11

Howard Becker

Question 12

Theory arguing that society is held together by force, coercion, an intimidation, and that the law represents the interests of those in power.

Answer 12

conflict theory

Question 13

Juveniles whose delinquent behavior is confined to their teenage years.

Answer 13

adolescence-limited offenders

Question 14

The notion that crime rates increase during preadolescence, peak in middle adolescence, and steadily decline thereafter.

Answer 14

age-crime curve

Question 15

The concept that people tend to choose mates who are similar to themselves.

Answer 15

assortative mating

Question 16

A test of wills, in which a child uses misbehavior to extort a desired outcome from his or her parents.

Answer 16

coercive exchange

Question 17

Theory assuming that social control leads to deviance; how behavior is reacted to determines whether it is defined as deviant.

Answer 17

labeling theory

Question 18

The process by which successive misbehavior leads to a serious detriment for an individual’s life chances.

Answer 18

cumulative disadvantage

Question 19

The pattern of delinquent behavior that an individual exhibits over the course of his or her life.

Answer 19

delinquent career

Question 20

The likelihood of committing delinquency and other antisocial acts; it is a trait that is largely set in early childhood

Answer 20

delinquent propensity

Question 21

Theory stating that children who are exposed to coercive environments are more likely to develop social-psychological deficits that increase the possibility of their committing crimes.

Answer 21

differential coercion theory

Question 22

Theories that focus on an individual’s entire life course, rather than one discrete point in time.

Answer 22

developmental theories

Question 23

A measure of how much delinquency someone has committed over a given period of time.

Answer 23

incidence

Question 24

Who coined dualistic fallacy and wrote Crime and Community?

Answer 24

Frank Tannenbaum

Question 25

Individuals who suffer from a number of neuropsychological deficits that likely cause them to engage in delinquency throughout their lives.

Answer 25

life-course persistent offenders

Question 26

An important life event (e.g. pregnancy) that is experienced unusually early in life.

Answer 26

precocious transitions

Question 27

A measure of whether an individual has committed any delinquency during a given period of time.

Answer 27

prevalence

Question 28

Who analyzed the labeling process as stereotyping, retrospective interpretation, and negotiation?

Answer 28

Edwin Schur

Question 29

Situations, settings, events, or characteristics that decrease the likelihood that one will be delinquent.

Answer 29

protective factors

Question 30

Situations, settings, events, or characteristics that increase the likelihood that one will be delinquent.

Answer 30

risk factors

Question 31

A leading study in the creation and application of developmental theory.

Answer 31

Seattle Social Development Project

Question 32

Who developed primary and secondary deviation?

Answer 32

Edwin Lemert

Question 33

Key life events that can either drive someone toward delinquent behavior or initiate the process of desisting from it.

Answer 33

turning points

Question 34

Which theorist believes that girls are less delinquent than boys because girls are socialized to be less impulsive, to take fewer risks, and to be more sensitive and verbal (rather than physical), more resistant to temptations, and more obedient?

Answer 34

Michael Gottfredson

Question 35

Who wrote Critique of Legal Order, as well as the book Class, State, and Crime, based in basic Marxian frameworks?

Answer 35

Richard Quinney

Question 36

Who was an early-twentieth-century Marxist criminologist and the author of Criminality and Economic Conditions…who saw modern capitalist society as being divided into two classes: a ruling class and a ruled class?

Answer 36

Willem Bonger

Question 37

Who developed differential oppression theory?

Answer 37

Robert Regoli and John Hewitt

Question 38

The notion that the lower crime rates for females reflect men’s deference and protective attitude toward women, whereby female offenses are generally overlooked or excused by males.

Answer 38

chivalry hypothesis

Question 39

A framework for understanding why girls become delinquent as well as why they are less inclined to delinquency than males.

Answer 39

differential oppression theory

Question 40

Description of adolescent girls as being oppressed both as children and as females.

Answer 40

doubly oppressed

Question 41

The existence of double standards regarding how female delinquents and male delinquents are treated and supervised within the justice system.

Answer 41

gendered juvenile justice system

Question 42

The notion that changes brought about by the women’s movement triggered a wave of female crime.

Answer 42

liberation hypothesis

Question 43

A social system that enforces masculine control of the sexuality and labor power of women.

Answer 43

patriarchy

Question 44

Theory that emphasizes the consequences of the power relations of husbands and wives in the workplaces on the lives of their children.

Answer 44

power-control theory

Question 45

Which theorist blames delinquency on low self-control?

Answer 45

Michael Gottfredson

Question 46

Who called for a radical nonintervention policy: to leave kids alone whenever possible?

Answer 46

Edwin Schur

Question 47

Who developed the integrated structural-Marxist theory and later the differential coercion theory?

Answer 47

Mark Colvin

Question 48

Behaviors that employ damage to relationships, or the threat of damage to relationships, as a means to harm another person.

Answer 48

relational aggression

Question 49

Who contended that capitalism engenders egoistic impulses in all people, which inhibit their tendencies toward developing a sense of responsibility to the larger group.

Answer 49

Willem Bonger

Question 50

Individual identities based on sexual stereotypes.

Answer 50

gender-role identities

Question 51

Which theorist focused on the exchanges that take place between parents and children immediately after the child misbehaves?

Answer 51

Gerald Patterson

Question 52

The ability to withstand environmental stressors and general forms of adversity.

Answer 52

resilience

Question 53

Who believed that delinquents are actually well-adjusted people. “Delinquent behavior” is only that behavior so labeled by adults in a community. Adults, who have more power than children, are able to have children labeled “delinquent.” Once this label is attached to children, they become delinquent. He wrote Crime and the Community. He believed kids go through a regular right of passage which is sometimes rebellious, but that this doesn’t mean they’re delinquent. He termed delinquents and nondelinquents are two fundamentally different types of people, the dualistic fallacy.

Answer 53

Frank Tannenbaum

Question 54

Who focused on the process whereby juveniles come to define themselves as delinquents. This process involves initial minor acts of delinquency (primary deviance), which are followed by negative social responses, further primary deviance, stronger penalties, more serious deviance, formal action by authorities, and eventual acceptance of the “delinquent” label (secondary deviance). He developed primary and secondary deviation.

Answer 54

Edwin Lemert

Question 55

Who believed that acquiring a label depends on how other people react to the behavior, not on the behavior itself? The process of becoming a deviant progresses through a series of stages that lead to the person’s deviance becoming a master status - that feature of the person that is most important to him or her as well as to others.

Answer 55

Howard Becker

Question 56

Which theorist thinks the best we can do for children is to leave them alone? Emphasizing three elements of the labeling process: stereotyping, retrospective interpretation, and negotiation. As these three elements work together to get the adolescent caught up in the deviant role, that role becomes increasingly difficult to disavow.

Answer 56

Edwin Schur

Question 57

Who believed that delinquency is a male-dominated phenomenon because of the class structure of modern patriarchal families?

Answer 57

John Hagan

Question 58

Who explored the nature and impact of shaming, distinguishing two types of shaming…disintegrative shaming and reintegrative shaming.

Answer 58

John Braithwaite

Question 59

Who believed that the ruling class in capitalist societies is responsible for the creation and application of criminal law. Acts threatening interests of the bourgeoisie will be handled by criminal law. In addition, crime reflects the demoralization of the surplus population, which consists of both unemployed and underemployed workers.

Answer 59

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Question 60

At his trial for the attempted murder of a prison guard, who explained his violent behavior as a direct product of having been labeled a delinquent at an early age, basically having been incarcerated since the age of nine years old?

Answer 60

Willie Bosket

Question 61

Who believed that the solution to delinquency was clear: a socialist society, built upon socialist modes of production, will produce altruistic impulses in all people. When adolescents are motivated by altruism, they are unlikely to commit crimes against others.

Answer 61

Willem Bonger

Question 62

Who wrote Culture and Conflict in Crime…arguing that delinquency was the product of conflicting norms, distinguishing between crime norms and conduct norms?

Answer 62

Thorsten Sellin

Question 63

Who developed the theory of integrated cognitive antisocial potential theory?

Answer 63

David Farrington

Question 64

Who believed conflict naturally arises between the conduct norms of groups and the crime norms reflected in criminal law? That the specific behaviors prohibited by law and the punishments for breaking them will reflect those in power.

Answer 64

Thorsten Sellin

Question 65

Who published Theoretical Criminology, arguing that human nature leads people into groups?

Answer 65

George Vold

Question 66

What theorist believes that girls are less delinquent than boys because girls are more often socialized to be nurturing?

Answer 66

Merry Morash

Question 67

Who was one of the most influential conflict theorists of the late twentieth century, believing that criminal laws are consciously created mechanisms that enable the ruling class to maintain political and economic control over the rest of society?

Answer 67

Richard Quinney

Question 68

Who suggested that children’s participation in delinquency is affected by the relative position of fathers and mothers in the workplace, a power-control theory?

Answer 68

John Hagan

Question 69

Social forces such as poverty also oppress children…what level of oppression is this considered?

Answer 69

Macro-Level Oppression

Question 70

Which theorist contends that girls commit less serious delinquency than boys for three reasons: girls lack physical strength, they have fewer opportunities to commit crime, and they occupy subordinate roles even in criminal activities?

Answer 70

James Messerschmidt

Question 71

Who argued that children who are exposed to coercive environments are more likely to develop social-psychological deficits that increase their likelihood of committing crimes?

Answer 71

Mark Colvin

Question 72

Who introduced social support theory as a general framework for understanding criminology and criminal justice?

Answer 72

Francis Cullen

Question 73

Who served as director of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, a multigenerational study of a cohort of 411 London males?

Answer 73

David Farrington

Question 74

Who was one of the theorists who wrote our textbook?

Answer 74

Robert Regoli

Question 75

Term used to describe the abusive, neglectful, and disrespectful relations that many children confront.

Answer 75

Oppression

Question 76

Which level of oppression is the most severe and damaging that adults inflict upon children and is officially defined as maltreatment.

Answer 76

Micro-Level Oppression

Question 77

What operates on the assumption that antisocial behavior, such as delinquency, has to develop and is not simply the manifestation of an underlying condition?

Answer 77

developmental theories

Question 78

Which theorist developed coercive exchange theory?

Answer 78

Gerald Patterson

Question 79

Which theorist believes delinquents are either life-course persistent or adolescence-limited offenders?

Answer 79

Terrie Moffitt

Question 80

What are two of the most important turning points that deter from delinquent behavior or criminality?

Answer 80

Marriage and steady employment

Question 81

What theorist believes that delinquency begins with structural disadvantage, which leads to initially low levels of parental attachment, belief in conventional values, and commitment to school. Attachment problems with parents.

Answer 81

Terence Thornberry

Question 82

Which theorist argued that the development of delinquency is influenced by many factors, ranging from structural conditions, to individual traits, to traditional social control concepts?

Answer 82

Robert Sampson

Question 83

Which theorist contended that disadvantaged youths have few opportunities for prosocial involvement and lack the skills necessary to succeed in the conventional world.

Answer 83

Joseph Weis

Question 84

Which theorist thinks adolescents with a long history of delinquency, who have become committed to a deviant peer group, are unlikely to form stable unions with prosocial partners. Instead, these individuals often become romantically involved with other antisocial individuals, which promotes their continued involvement in delinquency.

Answer 84

Ronald Simons

Question 85

Which theorist’s argument is that antisocial potential, which refers to the potential to commit antisocial acts including violence, is the basis for delinquency?

Answer 85

David Farrington

Question 86

Which theorist used large samples of Danish citizens to show that prenatal and perinatal problems or dysfunctions occurring at birth set into motion a change of developmental problems that result in delinquency during adolescence and criminal behavior during adulthood.

Answer 86

Sarnoff Mednick