Chapters 6-8 Flashcards
Rules that reflect the values, expectations, and actual behaviors of groups in everyday life. They are not necessarily the norms found in the criminal law.
conduct norms
Criminal laws that prohibit specific conduct and provide punishments for violations.
crime norms
Theory stating that delinquency is the culmination of a process that begins at conception and evolves through adolescence; the more a child is oppressed, the greater the likelihood he or she will become delinquent.
differential oppression theory
A form of negative labeling by the juvenile justice system that stigmatizes and excludes targeted youths, tossing them into a class of outcasts.
disintegrative shaming
The mistaken notion that delinquents and nondelinquents are two fundamentally different types of people.
dualistic fallacy
Theory suggesting that serious delinquency is the result of the reproduction of coercive control patterns tied to the relationship between production and class structure in capitalist societies.
integrated structural-Marxist theory
The primary perceived status of an individual; it determines how other people initially react when they see or meet the person for the first time.
master status
Deviant behavior that everyone engages in occasionally.
primary deviation
An approach to juvenile justice whereby police and the courts would, whenever possible, “leave kids alone.”
radical nonintervention
Who’s theory suggests that reintegrative shaming punishes the act while affirming the actor, whereas disintegrative shaming punishes both the act and the actor?
John Braithwaite
Who was the guru for labeling theory and wrote Outsiders and also The Other Side? He said criminologist’s research was flawed because it is centered around the question, “Why do they do it?” He considered the process of becoming deviant, the deviant act, getting caught, the idea of master status.
Howard Becker
Theory arguing that society is held together by force, coercion, an intimidation, and that the law represents the interests of those in power.
conflict theory
Juveniles whose delinquent behavior is confined to their teenage years.
adolescence-limited offenders
The notion that crime rates increase during preadolescence, peak in middle adolescence, and steadily decline thereafter.
age-crime curve
The concept that people tend to choose mates who are similar to themselves.
assortative mating
A test of wills, in which a child uses misbehavior to extort a desired outcome from his or her parents.
coercive exchange
Theory assuming that social control leads to deviance; how behavior is reacted to determines whether it is defined as deviant.
labeling theory
The process by which successive misbehavior leads to a serious detriment for an individual’s life chances.
cumulative disadvantage
The pattern of delinquent behavior that an individual exhibits over the course of his or her life.
delinquent career
The likelihood of committing delinquency and other antisocial acts; it is a trait that is largely set in early childhood
delinquent propensity
Theory stating that children who are exposed to coercive environments are more likely to develop social-psychological deficits that increase the possibility of their committing crimes.
differential coercion theory
Theories that focus on an individual’s entire life course, rather than one discrete point in time.
developmental theories
A measure of how much delinquency someone has committed over a given period of time.
incidence
Who coined dualistic fallacy and wrote Crime and Community?
Frank Tannenbaum
Individuals who suffer from a number of neuropsychological deficits that likely cause them to engage in delinquency throughout their lives.
life-course persistent offenders
An important life event (e.g. pregnancy) that is experienced unusually early in life.
precocious transitions
A measure of whether an individual has committed any delinquency during a given period of time.
prevalence
Who analyzed the labeling process as stereotyping, retrospective interpretation, and negotiation?
Edwin Schur
Situations, settings, events, or characteristics that decrease the likelihood that one will be delinquent.
protective factors
Situations, settings, events, or characteristics that increase the likelihood that one will be delinquent.
risk factors
A leading study in the creation and application of developmental theory.
Seattle Social Development Project
Who developed primary and secondary deviation?
Edwin Lemert
Key life events that can either drive someone toward delinquent behavior or initiate the process of desisting from it.
turning points
Which theorist believes that girls are less delinquent than boys because girls are socialized to be less impulsive, to take fewer risks, and to be more sensitive and verbal (rather than physical), more resistant to temptations, and more obedient?
Michael Gottfredson
Who wrote Critique of Legal Order, as well as the book Class, State, and Crime, based in basic Marxian frameworks?
Richard Quinney
Who was an early-twentieth-century Marxist criminologist and the author of Criminality and Economic Conditions…who saw modern capitalist society as being divided into two classes: a ruling class and a ruled class?
Willem Bonger
Who developed differential oppression theory?
Robert Regoli and John Hewitt
The notion that the lower crime rates for females reflect men’s deference and protective attitude toward women, whereby female offenses are generally overlooked or excused by males.
chivalry hypothesis
A framework for understanding why girls become delinquent as well as why they are less inclined to delinquency than males.
differential oppression theory
Description of adolescent girls as being oppressed both as children and as females.
doubly oppressed
The existence of double standards regarding how female delinquents and male delinquents are treated and supervised within the justice system.
gendered juvenile justice system
The notion that changes brought about by the women’s movement triggered a wave of female crime.
liberation hypothesis
A social system that enforces masculine control of the sexuality and labor power of women.
patriarchy
Theory that emphasizes the consequences of the power relations of husbands and wives in the workplaces on the lives of their children.
power-control theory
Which theorist blames delinquency on low self-control?
Michael Gottfredson
Who called for a radical nonintervention policy: to leave kids alone whenever possible?
Edwin Schur
Who developed the integrated structural-Marxist theory and later the differential coercion theory?
Mark Colvin
Behaviors that employ damage to relationships, or the threat of damage to relationships, as a means to harm another person.
relational aggression
Who contended that capitalism engenders egoistic impulses in all people, which inhibit their tendencies toward developing a sense of responsibility to the larger group.
Willem Bonger
Individual identities based on sexual stereotypes.
gender-role identities
Which theorist focused on the exchanges that take place between parents and children immediately after the child misbehaves?
Gerald Patterson
The ability to withstand environmental stressors and general forms of adversity.
resilience
Who believed that delinquents are actually well-adjusted people. “Delinquent behavior” is only that behavior so labeled by adults in a community. Adults, who have more power than children, are able to have children labeled “delinquent.” Once this label is attached to children, they become delinquent. He wrote Crime and the Community. He believed kids go through a regular right of passage which is sometimes rebellious, but that this doesn’t mean they’re delinquent. He termed delinquents and nondelinquents are two fundamentally different types of people, the dualistic fallacy.
Frank Tannenbaum
Who focused on the process whereby juveniles come to define themselves as delinquents. This process involves initial minor acts of delinquency (primary deviance), which are followed by negative social responses, further primary deviance, stronger penalties, more serious deviance, formal action by authorities, and eventual acceptance of the “delinquent” label (secondary deviance). He developed primary and secondary deviation.
Edwin Lemert
Who believed that acquiring a label depends on how other people react to the behavior, not on the behavior itself? The process of becoming a deviant progresses through a series of stages that lead to the person’s deviance becoming a master status - that feature of the person that is most important to him or her as well as to others.
Howard Becker
Which theorist thinks the best we can do for children is to leave them alone? Emphasizing three elements of the labeling process: stereotyping, retrospective interpretation, and negotiation. As these three elements work together to get the adolescent caught up in the deviant role, that role becomes increasingly difficult to disavow.
Edwin Schur
Who believed that delinquency is a male-dominated phenomenon because of the class structure of modern patriarchal families?
John Hagan
Who explored the nature and impact of shaming, distinguishing two types of shaming…disintegrative shaming and reintegrative shaming.
John Braithwaite
Who believed that the ruling class in capitalist societies is responsible for the creation and application of criminal law. Acts threatening interests of the bourgeoisie will be handled by criminal law. In addition, crime reflects the demoralization of the surplus population, which consists of both unemployed and underemployed workers.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
At his trial for the attempted murder of a prison guard, who explained his violent behavior as a direct product of having been labeled a delinquent at an early age, basically having been incarcerated since the age of nine years old?
Willie Bosket
Who believed that the solution to delinquency was clear: a socialist society, built upon socialist modes of production, will produce altruistic impulses in all people. When adolescents are motivated by altruism, they are unlikely to commit crimes against others.
Willem Bonger
Who wrote Culture and Conflict in Crime…arguing that delinquency was the product of conflicting norms, distinguishing between crime norms and conduct norms?
Thorsten Sellin
Who developed the theory of integrated cognitive antisocial potential theory?
David Farrington
Who believed conflict naturally arises between the conduct norms of groups and the crime norms reflected in criminal law? That the specific behaviors prohibited by law and the punishments for breaking them will reflect those in power.
Thorsten Sellin
Who published Theoretical Criminology, arguing that human nature leads people into groups?
George Vold
What theorist believes that girls are less delinquent than boys because girls are more often socialized to be nurturing?
Merry Morash
Who was one of the most influential conflict theorists of the late twentieth century, believing that criminal laws are consciously created mechanisms that enable the ruling class to maintain political and economic control over the rest of society?
Richard Quinney
Who suggested that children’s participation in delinquency is affected by the relative position of fathers and mothers in the workplace, a power-control theory?
John Hagan
Social forces such as poverty also oppress children…what level of oppression is this considered?
Macro-Level Oppression
Which theorist contends that girls commit less serious delinquency than boys for three reasons: girls lack physical strength, they have fewer opportunities to commit crime, and they occupy subordinate roles even in criminal activities?
James Messerschmidt
Who argued that children who are exposed to coercive environments are more likely to develop social-psychological deficits that increase their likelihood of committing crimes?
Mark Colvin
Who introduced social support theory as a general framework for understanding criminology and criminal justice?
Francis Cullen
Who served as director of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, a multigenerational study of a cohort of 411 London males?
David Farrington
Who was one of the theorists who wrote our textbook?
Robert Regoli
Term used to describe the abusive, neglectful, and disrespectful relations that many children confront.
Oppression
Which level of oppression is the most severe and damaging that adults inflict upon children and is officially defined as maltreatment.
Micro-Level Oppression
What operates on the assumption that antisocial behavior, such as delinquency, has to develop and is not simply the manifestation of an underlying condition?
developmental theories
Which theorist developed coercive exchange theory?
Gerald Patterson
Which theorist believes delinquents are either life-course persistent or adolescence-limited offenders?
Terrie Moffitt
What are two of the most important turning points that deter from delinquent behavior or criminality?
Marriage and steady employment
What theorist believes that delinquency begins with structural disadvantage, which leads to initially low levels of parental attachment, belief in conventional values, and commitment to school. Attachment problems with parents.
Terence Thornberry
Which theorist argued that the development of delinquency is influenced by many factors, ranging from structural conditions, to individual traits, to traditional social control concepts?
Robert Sampson
Which theorist contended that disadvantaged youths have few opportunities for prosocial involvement and lack the skills necessary to succeed in the conventional world.
Joseph Weis
Which theorist thinks adolescents with a long history of delinquency, who have become committed to a deviant peer group, are unlikely to form stable unions with prosocial partners. Instead, these individuals often become romantically involved with other antisocial individuals, which promotes their continued involvement in delinquency.
Ronald Simons
Which theorist’s argument is that antisocial potential, which refers to the potential to commit antisocial acts including violence, is the basis for delinquency?
David Farrington
Which theorist used large samples of Danish citizens to show that prenatal and perinatal problems or dysfunctions occurring at birth set into motion a change of developmental problems that result in delinquency during adolescence and criminal behavior during adulthood.
Sarnoff Mednick
