Chapters 3-5 Flashcards
The idea that criminals are a throwback to a more primitive stage of development.
atavistic beings
The most common neurobehavioral childhood disorder, which is characterized by the following symptoms: inattention and hyperactivity that cause difficulty in school, poor relationships with family and peers, and low self-esteem.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Theories that frame delinquency as the outcome of rational thought.
choice theories
A school of thought that blames delinquency on the choices people make.
classical school
A prison sentence of a fixed amount of time, such as 5 years.
determinate sentence
Fraternal twins who develop from two eggs fertilized at the same time.
dizygotic twins (DZ)
A branch of psychology that examines the ways that evolutionary forces shape patterns of human cognition and behavior.
evolutionary psychology
The idea that people can and do choose one course of action over another.
free will
A person’s genetic composition.
genotype
A prison sentence of varying time length, such as 5-10 years.
indeterminate sentence
The idea that criminal law must reflect differences among people and these circumstaances.
individual justice
The ability to learn, exercise judgement, and be imaginative.
intelligence
A person’s intelligence quotient, defined as the ratio of one’s mental age multiplied by 100 and divided by one’s chronological age.
IQ score
A corrections philosophy that promotes flat or fixed-time sentences, abolishment of parole, and use of prison to punish offenders.
justice model
Factors that may be responsible for an individual’s behavior, such as age, insanity, and incompetence.
mitigating circumstances
Identical twins who develop from one fertilized egg. MZ twins have identical DNA.
monozygotic twins (MZ)
A school of thought that considers mitigating circumstances when determining culpability for delinquency.
neoclassical school
A school of thought that blames delinquency on factors that are in place before a crime is committed.
positive school
Theory suggesting that delinquents are rational people who make calculated choices regarding what they are going to do before they act.
rational choice theory
A punishment philosophy based on society’s moral outrage or disapproval of a crime.
retribution
Theory arguing that motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of capable guardians produce delinquency.
routine activities theory
The idea that criminals can be identified by physical appearance.
somatotype
Distinctive physical features of born criminals.
stigmata
An integrated set of ideas that explains and predicts a phenomenon.
theory
A set of ideas that assume behavior is calculated and that people gather and make sense of information before they act.
utilitarian principles
The idea that offenders must be punished to protect society.
utilitarian punishment model
A set of characteristics that describe a person’s deviant beliefs, deviant ways of thinking, deviant motivations, and antisocial behaviors.
antisocial personality
Theory suggesting that behavior reflects our interactions with others throughout our lifetime.
behavioral theory
The co-occurrence of two or more disorders.
comorbidity
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated.
conduct disorder (CD)
Aggression that is typically physical and overt; it includes behaviors such as hitting, kicking, punching, and biting.
direct aggression
A condition in which the primary motivation of thought and behavior is related to satisfying one’s self-interest.
egocentric bias
Relating to the cause of a behavior.
etiological
The major model of personality, in which the determinants of personality include neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experiences, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Five Factor Model of Personality
Aggression that is usually verbal and covert; it includes actions such as gossiping and ostracism.
indirect aggression
An individual’s tendency to use mechanisms conducive to a selective disengagement from moral censure.
moral disengagement
In Piaget’s theory, the stage of development where children think rigidly about moral concepts and believe that people who break rules must be punished.
morality of constraint
In Piaget’s theory, the stage of development where children employ greater moral flexibility and learn that there are no absolute moral standards about behavior.
morality of cooperation
A condition in which a child has an unconscious desire for the exclusive love of the parent of the opposite sex, which includes jealousy toward the parent of the same sex and the unconscious wish for that parent’s death.
Oedipus complex
A clinical disorder characterized by a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior.
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
The set of characteristics that describe a person’s beliefs, ways of thinking, motivations, and behaviors.
personality
Aggression that includes a premeditated means of obtaining some instrumental goal in addition to harming the victim.
proactive aggression
A precursor of early symptoms; a warning sign of another disease or disorder
prodrome
Theory stating that unconscious mental processes that develop in early childhood control an individual’s personality.
psychodynamic theory
The set of behaviors and attitudes that show clinical evidence of a psychological impairment.
psychopathology
A personality disorder that impairs interpersonal, affective, and behavioral functions and is closely linked to serious antisocial behavior.
psychopathy
Aggression that is impulsive, thoughtless or unplanned, driven by anger, and occurring as a reaction to some perceived provocation.
reactive aggression
A discipline that focuses on how people perceive, think, learn, and come to behave in particular ways as a result of the interactions with their social world. The social world includes observations of and participation in real social interactions, such as with parents and peers, and fictional social interactions, such as with the media.
social cognition
A person who shows psychopathic characteristics that are largely the result of early-life abuse and neglect.
sociopath
Normlessness leading to social disorganiztion.
anomie
The glue that connects a child to society.
bond
Mutual trust among neighbors, combined with willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good - specifically, to supervise children and maintain public order.
collective efficacy
The process through which criminal values are transmitted from one generation to the next.
cultural transmission
Neighborhoods are differentially organized based on a combination of prosocial and antisocial characteristics.
differential social organization
An error that occurs when neighborhood-level data are used to draw conclusions about individual residents.
ecological fallacy
Cicchetti and Lynch’s theory, which suggests that broad exposure to violence in the community stresses the ability of parents to protect their children from the pernicious effects of violence.
ecological-transactional model of community violence
The primary values that monopolize lower-class consciousness.
focal concerns
The idea that nearly all children who participate in a delinquency reduce or stop such activity as they grow older.
maturational reform
The standards used by teachers to assign status to students.
middle-class measuring rod
The combination of generally high individual levels of self-esteem, self-efficacy, perceived popularity with peers, school attachment, future educational expectations, and perceived future opportunities in life.
personal competence
A study designed to investigate the development of delinquency and violence in children and adolescents; it has yielded primary data for examinations of collective efficacy.
Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods
The combination of behaviors such as good grades and involvement in sports, religious, and family activities.
prosocial behavior
The combination of generally high individual levels of personal efficacy, education expectations, grades, commitment to conventionality, and involvement in conventional activity.
prosocial competence
Rationalizations used to justify delinquent activities.
techniques of neutralization
Who believed that people are rational and intelligent beings who exercise free will. They commit crime because they imagine they will receive greater gains from crime than from conformity. Social action should be based on the utilitarian principle of the greatest happiness for the greatest number; because crime is an injury to society, the only rational measure of crime is the extent of the injury. Crime prevention is more important than punishment. Laws must be published so that the citizenry can understand and support them. For punishment to be effective it must be certain, sever, and administered swiftly. Leading figure of the classical school. Wrote the essay titled On Crimes and Punishments.
Cesare Beccaria
A leader in the utilitarian movement, was mostly concerned with the irrationality of existing laws and punishments and their failure to deter criminality. Created a set of guidelines intended to regulate the relationship between crime and punishment. These ideas helped reform England’s criminal policy, especially in regards to the death penalty.
Jeremy Bentham
The Italian criminologist who constructed the first biological theory of crime when he argued that you could tell how highly evolved someone was from his or her physical appearance.
Cesare Lombroso
Who theorized that there was a relationship between body type and delinquency, identifying three ideal body types.
William Sheldon
Who researched and documented how prolonged abuse and neglect of children can lead to biological changes in the ways their brains process and respond to social stimuli.
Kathleen Heide and Eldra Solomon
Who did research on whether parents have any important long-term effects on the development of their child’s personality? Put forth that assimilation and differentiation is what makes us who we are.
Judith Rich Harris
Who developed the first standardized IQ test?
Alfred Binet
Who introduced the idea of an “intelligence quotient” (IQ)?
William Stern
Who formally defined what intelligence is?
Juan Huarte
Who popularized the idea that intelligence might be inherited and revised the Binet-Simon test, followed by renaming it the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test?
Lewis Terman
Who coined the term “moron” and administered intelligence tests to prison and jail inmates, reporting that 70 percent were “feeble-minded”?
Henry Goddard
Which two classical theorists developed choice theories, which assumed that delinquency is the outcome of weighing the costs and benefits of antisocial conduct?
Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham
Who argued that behavior is a consequence of the reinforcements and punishments it produces? That delinquents have their delinquency reinforced (and not punished) by others, either intentionally or unintentionally?
B.F. Skinner
Who put forth the idea that children learn how to behave from others whose behaviors they model and imitate? That delinquent behavior is learned from direct, face-to-face interaction or by observing others in person or symbolically in literature, films, television, music, and video games?
Albert Bandura
What term is used to define the compilation of the personality traits of narcissistic, somewhat psychopathic, and Machiavellian in “bad boys” who have many sexual partners and frequently seek brief sexual affairs?
The Dark Triad
What gay couple was used as an example for psychopathy when they abducted and killed a 14 year old boy in 1924, and what was the boy’s name?
Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb, the boys name was Bobby Franks
Who researched psychopathy in 3 year old children?
Andrea Glenn
What man was used as an example of psychopathy who enjoyed killing waitresses and believed by being waitresses, they were asking for it?
Gary Ridgeway
Who developed the Psychopathy Checklist?
Robert Hare
Who received a rifle for their birthday at age 16, then proceeded to wound nine kids and kill two others at an elementary school?
Brenda Spencer
Who decided he was going to be the worst serial killer Texas had ever seen and believed that he served a master who gave him knowledge and power?
Jason Massey
Who created routine activities theory?
Lawrence Cohen
Who introduced rational choice theory?
Ronald Clarke
Which theorist’s work was grounded in utilitarian principles?
Jeremy Bentham
Who was a leading figure of the classical school?
Cesare Beccaria
Which theorist in Modern Classical School Theory advocated that criminals need to be punished rather than rehabilitated?
James Q. Wilson
Which theorist suggested that the concept of rationality is itself problematic?
Ronald Akers
Which psychologist blames juvenile violence on parental and societal permissiveness?
Hans Eysenck
Who introduced the justice model when writing the book We Are the Living Proof?
David Fogel
Who was a strong advocate for the utilitarian punishment model?
Ernest van den Haag
Which group of theorists believed in using the scientific method for studying crime?
Positivists
Who challenged the validity of Lombroso’s findings about atavistic beings?
Charles Goring
Who suggested that a differential social organization prevails among neighborhoods?
Edwin Sutherland
Who studied how “kinds of places” created conditions favorable to delinquency?
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
Who blamed delinquency on two structural features associated with the lower class: focal concerns and female-based households. Also contributing to delinquency theory by explaining gang delinquency.
Walter Miller
Who was one of the founders of modern sociology and led to developing strain theory with the idea of anomie through a temporary state of normlessness?
Emile Durkheim
Who expanded on the idea of anomie and really developed strain theory, but with a more permanent disjuncture and state of normlessness? Developed the Modes of Adaptation: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreats, rebellion.
Robert Merton
Who believed that lower-class parents do not adequately socialize children in terms of widely accepted values and norms? That children compete for status from teachers who use a “middle-class measuring rod” to evaluate them. Lower-class children usually end up at the bottom of the status ladder, causing strain that encourages them to join together and form gangs, which in turn leads to delinquency.
Albert Cohen
Who identified the existence of legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures in the book Delinquency and Opportunity? Opportunity is limited and differentially available depending on where the child lives. Lower-class juveniles have greater opportunities for acquisition of delinquent roles through their access to deviant subcultures.
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
Who believed that “birds of a feather flock together”, lazy bums stick together because of the lack of personal achievement and the group support for low aspirations and lack of accomplishment.
Edward Banfield
Who suggests many different sources of stress may trigger a negative emotion. Whether strain leads to delinquency depends on conditioning factors that the children possess, such as coping skills and intelligence. Children who have fewer coping skills are more likely to commit crime.
Robert Agnew
According to who, economic and materialistic interests dominate American society, with goals other than material success (e.g., being a good parent) being perceived as unimportant to many people today. Some children who are blocked from acquiring money legitimately will turn to crime, believing criminality is the most effective and efficient way for them to acquire wealth.
Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld
Who containment theory because he was curious about why some boys living in high-delinquency-rate neighborhoods did not commit crime. He concluded that what separated the “good boys” from delinquents was that “good boys” had strong self-concepts that insulated them from the environmental pulls into delinquency.
Walter Reckless
According to who, children are neither committed nor compelled to delinquency, and delinquents feel guilty about their misdeeds. So that juveniles can feel better about themselves, they turn to techniques of neutralization to reduce guilt and justify their delinquencies.
David Matza
“Why do juveniles conform?” Who suggests that children conform because of their bond to society. This bond consists of four elements: attachment, belief, commitment, and involvement. The stronger a child’s bond to society, the less likely he or she is to commit crime, because the child has something to lose. Also published Causes of Delinquency, a detailed critique of the cultural deviance, strain, and social control theories.
Travis Hirschi
Who believed that delinquents have low self-control that can be traced to early childhood experiences. When parents do not supervise their children, do not recognize when their children are behaving badly, and do not punish poor behavior, they promote low self-control in their children.
Michael Gottfredson
