Chapters 12-14

Question 1

Friends or acquaintances who participate in delinquency with another peer.

Answer 1

co-offenders

Question 2

The idea that adolescents who are already involved in delinquency are most apt to join a gang (selection) but, after joining, their delinquency is likely to increase significantly (facilitation).

Answer 2

enhancement model

Question 3

A sense of solidarity and awareness of being a distinct group.

Answer 3

esprit de corps

Question 4

A “kind of group” explanation that suggests the normative structure of a gang, along with group processes and dynamics, increase delinquency among youth.

Answer 4

facilitation model

Question 5

An initiative within the federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention that includes a framework for coordinating a wide range of activities that have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing gang activity and delinquency.

Answer 5

Gang Reduction Program

Question 6

A Los Angeles-based program that educates, trains, and finds jobs for at-risk youths and gang members.

Answer 6

Homeboy Industries

Question 7

“Love of the same”; the process by which people select to associate with those persons who are most similar to them.

Answer 7

homophily

Question 8

A civil process in which gang members are prohibited from engaging in mundane activities, such as loitering at schools or hanging out on street corners; if they violate these mandates, they face arrest.

Answer 8

injunction (abatement)

Question 9

Age cohorts within Hispanic gangs.

Answer 9

klikas

Question 10

Defining a crime as “gang related” when a gang member or members are either the perpetrators or the victims, regardless of the motive.

Answer 10

member-based definition

Question 11

Defining a crime as “gang related” when it is committed by a gang member or members, and the underlying reason for the crime is to further the interests and activities of the gang.

Answer 11

motive-based definition

Question 12

A group of youths of similar ages and interests.

Answer 12

peer group

Question 13

The rejection of a child perceived to be antisocial by conventional peers.

Answer 13

peer rejection

Question 14

A “kind of person” explanation of gang initiation that argues adolescents with a strong propensity for delinquency seek out gangs.

Answer 14

selection model

Question 15

A police response to gang activity that includes selective surveillance, arrest, and prosecution of gang members.

Answer 15

suppression

Question 16

A gang’s sense of territoriality.

Answer 16

turf

Question 17

A group of youths who are willing to use deadly violence to claim and protect territory, to attack rival gangs, or to engage in criminal activity.

Answer 17

youth gang

Question 18

The stage in the juvenile justice system that parallels prosecution and trial in adult criminal courts.

Answer 18

adjudication

Question 19

A hearing to determine whether a juvenile committed the offense of which he or she is accused.

Answer 19

adjudication hearing

Question 20

The release and subsequent community supervision of an individual from a correctional facility, intended to ensure a more positive and effective transition back into the community.

Answer 20

aftercare

Question 21

Money or a cash bond deposited with the court or bail bondsman allowing the person to be released on the assurance he or she will appear in court at the proper time.

Answer 21

bail

Question 22

U.S. Supreme Court decision that a criminal prosecution of a child following a juvenile court hearing constitutes double jeopardy.

Answer 22

Breed v. Jones

Question 23

Process by which a juvenile may request to have his or her case transferred to criminal court.

Answer 23

demand waiver

Question 24

The temporary custody and care of juveniles pending adjudication, disposition, or implementation of disposition.

Answer 24

detention

Question 25

A hearing to determine the most appropriate placement of a juvenile adjudicated to be delinquent.

Answer 25

disposition hearing

Question 26

The early suspension or termination of the official processing of a juvenile in favor of an informal or unofficial alternative.

Answer 26

diversion

Question 27

Rule that forbids criminal prosecution of a juvenile after he or she has been tried in juvenile court for the same offense.

Answer 27

double jeopardy

Question 28

An active or passive computer-based tracking system in which electronic signals are used to verify that the youth is where he or she is supposed to be.

Answer 28

electronic monitoring

Question 29

Rule stating that illegally obtained evidence may not be admissible in a criminal prosecution or in a juvenile court adjudication hearing.

Answer 29

exclusionary rule

Question 30

The intensive supervision and monitoring of an offending youth within his or her home environment.

Answer 30

home confinement

Question 31

Case in which the U.S. Supreme Court held that juveniles could not be denied basic due process rights in juvenile hearings.

Answer 31

In re Gault

Question 32

U.S Supreme Court ruling that, in delinquency cases, juveniles should be convicted only if proof of their guilt beyond a reasonable doubt exists.

Answer 32

In re Winship

Question 33

The initial screening process in the juvenile court to determine whether a case should be processed further.

Answer 33

intake

Question 34

Equivalent to intensive parole supervision; a monitoring approach used to provide greater supervision of youths after their release from official institutions.

Answer 34

intensive aftercare program (IAP)

Question 35

Most common waiver procedure for transferring youths to criminal court, in which the judge is the primary decision maker.

Answer 35

judicial waiver

Question 36

U.S. Supreme Court decision requiring a formal waiver hearing before transfer of a juvenile to criminal court.

Answer 36

Kent v. United States

Question 37

U.S. Supreme Court decision that juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a jury trial in juvenile court.

Answer 37

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

Question 38

Similar to an indictment; a written statement setting forth the specific charge that a delinquent act has been committed or that a child is dependent or neglected or needs supervision.

Answer 38

petition

Question 39

The authority of police to choose one course of action over another.

Answer 39

police discretion

Question 40

The conditional freedom granted by the court to an alleged or adjudicated offender, who must adhere to certain conditions and is generally supervised by a probation officer.

Answer 40

probation

Question 41

Process in which the prosecutor determines whether a charge against a juvenile should be filed in criminal or juvenile court.

Answer 41

prosecutorial waiver

Question 42

Process in which a juvenile contests a statutory exclusion or prosecutorial transfer.

Answer 42

reverse waiver

Question 43

U.S. Supreme Court decision that the death penalty for anyone who was younger than age 18 at the time of his or her crime is unconstitutional.

Answer 43

Roper v. Simmons

Question 44

U.S. Supreme Court decision authorizing the preventive detention of juveniles who are identified as “serious risks” to the community if released.

Answer 44

Schall v. Martin

Question 45

Process established by statute that excludes certain juveniles, because of either age or offense, from juvenile court jurisdiction; charges are initially filed in criminal court.

Answer 45

statutory exclusion

Question 46

A legal process to transfer a juvenile from juvenile to criminal court.

Answer 46

waiver of jurisdiction

Question 47

Programs designed to build positive relationships and support networks between youths and their families, teachers, and community agencies through coordination of services.

Answer 47

wraparound programs

Question 48

U.S. Supreme Court ruling that police do not need to factor in the age and inexperience of a suspect in their decision about whether to read a juvenile his or her Miranda rights if the youth is not believed to be “in custody.”

Answer 48

Yarborough v. Alvarado

Question 49

A treatment program in which youths are rewarded for conforming to rules, exhibiting prosocial behavior, and not exhibiting antisocial or violent behavior.

Answer 49

behavioral token economy

Question 50

An approach that emphasizes dealing with the problem of juvenile delinquency after the fact.

Answer 50

delinquency control

Question 51

An approach that emphasizes delinquency is a problem to be worked on or altered for a purpose, or come to terms with.

Answer 51

management of delinquency

Question 52

A treatment approach in which residents are involved in decision making and day-to-day interactions for psycho-therapeutic discussion.

Answer 52

milieu treatment

Question 53

Policies and programs that target the child at the earliest point possible.

Answer 53

primary prevention

Question 54

A model that emphasizes the prevention of disease before it occurs by reducing the risk of the disease and increasing resiliency against disease within the larger population.

Answer 54

public health model

Question 55

A policy that attempts to manage a desired condition, degree, or rate of delinquent behavior.

Answer 55

regulating delinquency

Question 56

A program in which at-risk children are provided with brief encounters with inmates who describe the brutality of prison life.

Answer 56

Scared Straight

Question 57

Policies and programs aimed at children who are already identified as being at high risk of becoming serious or repeat delinquents.

Answer 57

secondary prevention

Question 58

A treatment approach that combines individual psychotherapy or counseling with close supervision of youths and with a coordination of social services.

Answer 58

social casework

Question 59

Policies and programs that target existing delinquents and attempt to reduce recidivism by treating the individual with appropriate therapeutic efforts, or by incapacitating the youth to protect the community against further delinquencies.

Answer 59

tertiary prevention