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ARCHAEOLOGY 120 > CHAPTERS 5-9 > Flashcards

CHAPTERS 5-9 Flashcards

1
Q

what tools did epipaleolithic people use?

A

sickle blade, lumate, and arrowhead

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2
Q

later neolithic domestication

A

euphrates valley - rye /l turkey + Syria - cattle /l hily Flanks -Sheep + goat

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3
Q

what two societies werw complex hunter-gatherers without agriculture

A

go bekli tepe + natufians in the levant

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4
Q

Characteristics of early neolithic sites like Jerf e ahmar and abu hureyra

A

combo of wild & domesticated Food Sources, communal Space used by entire village, general plan for house building

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5
Q

Major early Settlements in Sw asia

A
  • gobekli tepe - 20 sunken structures with limestone pillars and stone plaques depicting communication
  • el wad - Stone lined houses in a cave down a terraced slope
  • sevicho- large tall tower and walls with burials inside
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6
Q

Phases of southeast asian cultural development

A

Stage 1 = Small mobile groups developed into large communities with cereal cultivation
Stage 2= agricultures animal domestication caused increases in population + settlement size
Stage 3 . rapid climate change occurred smaller communities expanded across a wider area

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7
Q

neolithic architectural elements decoration

A

bull horns + plaster skulls // nouse access - roof trapdoor // human burials- under the floor // oven hearth - under ladder + roof opening

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8
Q

younger dryas

A

temperatures dropped sharply in this post glacial period, affecting settlements

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9
Q

epipaleolithic is sw asia characteristics

A

emphasis on wildseed plants, use of microliths, changed settlement

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10
Q

catalhoyuk

A

bull horn decor, fireplace by ladder, human remains, entrance from top

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11
Q

domestication of crops => virtual practices

A

skull retrieval, non domestic buildings, household shrines

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12
Q

Sites built before plant a animal domestication

A

devicho ,gobekli tepe, eynan

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13
Q

nomadic hunters => communities

A

emerged w/ dependable food Supply, semi permanent → permanent

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14
Q

the natufians

A

hunted gazelle + constructed stone houses

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15
Q

Evidence of household maintenance

A

lime plaster walls, repeated plastering, red ocher wash

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16
Q

broad spectrum revolution

A

variety of Foods, social + economic, new food gathering techniques

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17
Q

Who developed the earliest writing system

A

the sumerians

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18
Q

how was the akkadian empire different

A

the dominance of the language over large areas

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19
Q

middle bronze age trade

A

wool, cloth, Oil, barley => copper, lumber, gemstones

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20
Q

what caused agricultural surplus in sumeria

A

Irrigation systems and tigris and euphrates rivers

21
Q

halaf period before urban centers

A

seal stamps, pottery producing centers

22
Q

City of Uruk

A

first city in the world, centered around religion, relied on agriculture

23
Q

domestication in what 4 locations arose

A

gypt, mesopotamia, Indus valley, northern china

24
Q

ubaid period

A

earliest evidence of monumental construction in SW asia

25
Q

Southwest asia timeline

A

ubaid period, uruk period, first cities, first writing

26
Q

methods for tracking populations

A

dna, pottery Source, stable isotopes, obsidian source

27
Q

what do the royal tombs of ur tell us

A

sumer was red by wealthy elite w/ trade routes

28
Q

why did farming develop

A

can provide for a growing population, produces surpluses, fosters social competition

29
Q

consequences of agriculture in communities

A

social stratification, increased material culture, ag intensification

30
Q

the process of isostatic uplift

A

large tracts of dry land were created

31
Q

Signs of cultural complexity in hunter-gatherers

A

substantial houses, communal building projects, large and long lived settlements, and elaborate symbols

32
Q

how to tell a cereal is domesticated

A

tough rachis or stem

33
Q

common characteristics in early sedentary villages

A

substansial houses, food storage, axis of identity, decreased conflicts

34
Q

microliths

A

tiny, sharp stone chips used to make composite tools

35
Q

how did agriculture evolve separately in many places

A

farmers territories displaced hunter gathers, movements of farmers can be traced by dna, H-G. adopted farming from neighbors

36
Q

correct stages of domestication

A

1) exhibition of favorable traits 2) Selection by humans
3) emergence of fully domesticated species 4) agricultural intensification

37
Q

characteristics of a domesticated organism

A

changes in morphology, Changes in behavior, human reliance for sex

38
Q

Indicators of Social status differences

A

graves burial, Storage capacity, material goods

39
Q

how did ice age → common area changes

A

increased temperature, extinction of large mammals, rising Sea levels

40
Q

Chronological order of earth’s heating and drying periods

A

pleistocene → younger dryas → holocene

41
Q

holocene hunter gatherers

A

developed cooking pottery, expanded areas, unintentionally domesticated

42
Q

Crop with its region : W.pakistan, india, ganga basin

A

cattle ; millet ; rice

43
Q

harappa

A

most important civilization on the indus Valley river w/ stamp seals

44
Q

why did the indus valley system collapse in 1900bc

A

Shifts in trading, T in smaller surrounding sites

45
Q

what made plant food reliance in ganga possible

A

perforated polished stone rings

46
Q

Indus script

A

wide spread, combo of Simple & composite signs, no King lists

47
Q

Chronological indus valley.

A

Irrigation → cultivation of crops → public architecture

48
Q

late Kot doji phase

A

standardized weights + measures, symbols beyond ceramic, Shared site layouts

49
Q

indus period characteristics

A

public architecture, specially goods, far-reaching trade

ARCHAEOLOGY 120 (4 decks)

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