CHAPTERS 5-9 Flashcards
what tools did epipaleolithic people use?
sickle blade, lumate, and arrowhead
later neolithic domestication
euphrates valley - rye /l turkey + Syria - cattle /l hily Flanks -Sheep + goat
what two societies werw complex hunter-gatherers without agriculture
go bekli tepe + natufians in the levant
Characteristics of early neolithic sites like Jerf e ahmar and abu hureyra
combo of wild & domesticated Food Sources, communal Space used by entire village, general plan for house building
Major early Settlements in Sw asia
- gobekli tepe - 20 sunken structures with limestone pillars and stone plaques depicting communication
- el wad - Stone lined houses in a cave down a terraced slope
- sevicho- large tall tower and walls with burials inside
Phases of southeast asian cultural development
Stage 1 = Small mobile groups developed into large communities with cereal cultivation
Stage 2= agricultures animal domestication caused increases in population + settlement size
Stage 3 . rapid climate change occurred smaller communities expanded across a wider area
neolithic architectural elements decoration
bull horns + plaster skulls // nouse access - roof trapdoor // human burials- under the floor // oven hearth - under ladder + roof opening
younger dryas
temperatures dropped sharply in this post glacial period, affecting settlements
epipaleolithic is sw asia characteristics
emphasis on wildseed plants, use of microliths, changed settlement
catalhoyuk
bull horn decor, fireplace by ladder, human remains, entrance from top
domestication of crops => virtual practices
skull retrieval, non domestic buildings, household shrines
Sites built before plant a animal domestication
devicho ,gobekli tepe, eynan
nomadic hunters => communities
emerged w/ dependable food Supply, semi permanent → permanent
the natufians
hunted gazelle + constructed stone houses
Evidence of household maintenance
lime plaster walls, repeated plastering, red ocher wash
broad spectrum revolution
variety of Foods, social + economic, new food gathering techniques
Who developed the earliest writing system
the sumerians
how was the akkadian empire different
the dominance of the language over large areas
middle bronze age trade
wool, cloth, Oil, barley => copper, lumber, gemstones
what caused agricultural surplus in sumeria
Irrigation systems and tigris and euphrates rivers
halaf period before urban centers
seal stamps, pottery producing centers
City of Uruk
first city in the world, centered around religion, relied on agriculture
domestication in what 4 locations arose
gypt, mesopotamia, Indus valley, northern china
ubaid period
earliest evidence of monumental construction in SW asia
Southwest asia timeline
ubaid period, uruk period, first cities, first writing
methods for tracking populations
dna, pottery Source, stable isotopes, obsidian source
what do the royal tombs of ur tell us
sumer was red by wealthy elite w/ trade routes
why did farming develop
can provide for a growing population, produces surpluses, fosters social competition
consequences of agriculture in communities
social stratification, increased material culture, ag intensification
the process of isostatic uplift
large tracts of dry land were created
Signs of cultural complexity in hunter-gatherers
substantial houses, communal building projects, large and long lived settlements, and elaborate symbols
how to tell a cereal is domesticated
tough rachis or stem
common characteristics in early sedentary villages
substansial houses, food storage, axis of identity, decreased conflicts
microliths
tiny, sharp stone chips used to make composite tools
how did agriculture evolve separately in many places
farmers territories displaced hunter gathers, movements of farmers can be traced by dna, H-G. adopted farming from neighbors
correct stages of domestication
1) exhibition of favorable traits 2) Selection by humans
3) emergence of fully domesticated species 4) agricultural intensification
characteristics of a domesticated organism
changes in morphology, Changes in behavior, human reliance for sex
Indicators of Social status differences
graves burial, Storage capacity, material goods
how did ice age → common area changes
increased temperature, extinction of large mammals, rising Sea levels
Chronological order of earth’s heating and drying periods
pleistocene → younger dryas → holocene
holocene hunter gatherers
developed cooking pottery, expanded areas, unintentionally domesticated
Crop with its region : W.pakistan, india, ganga basin
cattle ; millet ; rice
harappa
most important civilization on the indus Valley river w/ stamp seals
why did the indus valley system collapse in 1900bc
Shifts in trading, T in smaller surrounding sites
what made plant food reliance in ganga possible
perforated polished stone rings
Indus script
wide spread, combo of Simple & composite signs, no King lists
Chronological indus valley.
Irrigation → cultivation of crops → public architecture
late Kot doji phase
standardized weights + measures, symbols beyond ceramic, Shared site layouts
indus period characteristics
public architecture, specially goods, far-reaching trade
