CHAPTERS 1-4

Question 1

what methods are used to infer climate change

Answer 1

pollen, soil chemistry, deep sea cores

Question 2

what can archaeologists use DNA for

Answer 2

1. the location of human evolution
2. relationship of recent ancestors like neanderthals
3. human migrations

Question 3

what order are plants and animals domesticated

Answer 3

selective breeding -> irrigation and plowing -> mechanized farming

Question 4

what is stratigraphy

Answer 4

deposition of superimposed layers

Question 5

relative chronology

Answer 5

placement of events in order without reference to strict dates

Question 6

Absolute dating methods

Answer 6

radiocarbon dating, potassium argon dating, paleomagnetism

Question 7

relative dating method

Answer 7

Stratigraphy

Question 8

reasons for migrations

Answer 8

climatic fluctuations, increased population, search for resources

Question 9

indigenous archaeology

Answer 9

works closely with local and descendant communities

Question 10

Archaeological Technology

Answer 10

LiDAR, GIS, GPS

Question 11

four types of oldowan industry tools

Answer 11

cores, retouched pieces, hammer stones, flakes

Question 12

the two ancient homonins

Answer 12

homo habilis and australoputhecius anamensis

Question 13

bipedal locomotion

Answer 13

walking upright

Question 14

how did homonins arise

Answer 14

less forests and more open plains

Question 15

ardipitheus characteristics

Answer 15

grasping big toe, bipedal, changes in wrist morphology

Question 16

Characteristics of oldowan culture

Answer 16

a diet relying on plant and animal resources, concentration of stone tools in a single location, butchering animals larger than themselves

Question 17

what three species were first identified in south africa

Answer 17

australopithecine, a. africanus, a. robustus

Question 18

evidence that australopithecus afterensis lived in trees though are fully bipedal

Answer 18

long arms and curved phalanges

Question 19

what oldowan tools tell us about homonins

Answer 19

they consumed meat and taught each other tool making

Question 20

shared traits with chimps and gorillas

Answer 20

lack of tail and mobile shoulder joint

Question 21

tool aid led to larger brains because

Answer 21

they were processing greater numbers of meat, marrow, and fat

Question 22

homonins in order from earliest to latest (6)

Answer 22

ardipithecus – australopithecus anamensis – australopithecus aferensis – australopithecus africanus – homo rudophensis

Question 23

traits after humans branched off order (3)

Answer 23

bipedalism – use of stone tools – increased brain size

Question 24

what time period are the first stone tools in africa

Answer 24

2.8 mya

Question 25

homo species around the world in order (3)

Answer 25

homo ergaster in africa – homo erectus in SE asia – homo erectus in europe

Question 26

how are homo heidelbergensis and homo erectus similar

Answer 26

chinless jaw and flattened frontal bone

Question 27

aschulean tool materials no stone

Answer 27

bamboo, wood, bones

Question 28

purpose of aschulean hand axes

Answer 28

hurdled at prey, chop and scrape wood, use of sharp flakes

Question 29

what species are aschulean hand axes associated with

Answer 29

h. erectus, h. heidelbergensis, neanderthal

Question 30

which species 1. migrated out of africa 2. never left 3. evolved in europe

Answer 30

1. homo erectus and homo spaiens
2. homo heidelbergesis
3. neanderthals

Question 31

achulean behavioral characteristics

Answer 31

controlled use of fire, wooden tools, flexible diet

Question 32

bifaced achulean tools were

Answer 32

flaked on both sides

Question 33

how did homo erectus diversify their environment

Answer 33

larger brains and bodies and the use of fire

Question 34

levallois technique

Answer 34

used by neanderthals and considered an advanced flint knapping technique

Question 35

famous homo erectus discovery

Answer 35

turkana boy

Question 36

paleolithic art found in

Answer 36

chaveau cave paintings, venus figurines, lion man statue

Question 37

neanderthal verus homonids techniques

Answer 37

mousterian vs. achulean

Question 38

how did an increase of regional variation occur

Answer 38

isolation of populations during glacial expansion

Question 39

gravettian period that showed social complexity

Answer 39

red ocher, jewelry, ornaments, and fox teeth

Question 40

modern homo sapien facial features

Answer 40

decreased facial projection, smaller brow and teeth

Question 41

bolumbos cave

Answer 41

engraved ocher crayons, shell beads, pigment processing equipment

Question 42

neanderthal and homo sapien time line

Answer 42

N in europe – h.s. evolve in africa – they leave africa – they become present in europe – interbred with N

Question 43

denisovians

Answer 43

diverged from h.sapiens – diverged from N – interbred with N