CHAPTERS 1-4 Flashcards
what methods are used to infer climate change
pollen, soil chemistry, deep sea cores
what can archaeologists use DNA for
- the location of human evolution
- relationship of recent ancestors like neanderthals
- human migrations
what order are plants and animals domesticated
selective breeding -> irrigation and plowing -> mechanized farming
what is stratigraphy
deposition of superimposed layers
relative chronology
placement of events in order without reference to strict dates
Absolute dating methods
radiocarbon dating, potassium argon dating, paleomagnetism
relative dating method
Stratigraphy
reasons for migrations
climatic fluctuations, increased population, search for resources
indigenous archaeology
works closely with local and descendant communities
Archaeological Technology
LiDAR, GIS, GPS
four types of oldowan industry tools
cores, retouched pieces, hammer stones, flakes
the two ancient homonins
homo habilis and australoputhecius anamensis
bipedal locomotion
walking upright
how did homonins arise
less forests and more open plains
ardipitheus characteristics
grasping big toe, bipedal, changes in wrist morphology
Characteristics of oldowan culture
a diet relying on plant and animal resources, concentration of stone tools in a single location, butchering animals larger than themselves
what three species were first identified in south africa
australopithecine, a. africanus, a. robustus
evidence that australopithecus afterensis lived in trees though are fully bipedal
long arms and curved phalanges
what oldowan tools tell us about homonins
they consumed meat and taught each other tool making
shared traits with chimps and gorillas
lack of tail and mobile shoulder joint
tool aid led to larger brains because
they were processing greater numbers of meat, marrow, and fat
homonins in order from earliest to latest (6)
ardipithecus – australopithecus anamensis – australopithecus aferensis – australopithecus africanus – homo rudophensis
traits after humans branched off order (3)
bipedalism – use of stone tools – increased brain size
what time period are the first stone tools in africa
2.8 mya
homo species around the world in order (3)
homo ergaster in africa – homo erectus in SE asia – homo erectus in europe
how are homo heidelbergensis and homo erectus similar
chinless jaw and flattened frontal bone
aschulean tool materials no stone
bamboo, wood, bones
purpose of aschulean hand axes
hurdled at prey, chop and scrape wood, use of sharp flakes
what species are aschulean hand axes associated with
h. erectus, h. heidelbergensis, neanderthal
which species 1. migrated out of africa 2. never left 3. evolved in europe
- homo erectus and homo spaiens
- homo heidelbergesis
- neanderthals
achulean behavioral characteristics
controlled use of fire, wooden tools, flexible diet
bifaced achulean tools were
flaked on both sides
how did homo erectus diversify their environment
larger brains and bodies and the use of fire
levallois technique
used by neanderthals and considered an advanced flint knapping technique
famous homo erectus discovery
turkana boy
paleolithic art found in
chaveau cave paintings, venus figurines, lion man statue
neanderthal verus homonids techniques
mousterian vs. achulean
how did an increase of regional variation occur
isolation of populations during glacial expansion
gravettian period that showed social complexity
red ocher, jewelry, ornaments, and fox teeth
modern homo sapien facial features
decreased facial projection, smaller brow and teeth
bolumbos cave
engraved ocher crayons, shell beads, pigment processing equipment
neanderthal and homo sapien time line
N in europe – h.s. evolve in africa – they leave africa – they become present in europe – interbred with N
denisovians
diverged from h.sapiens – diverged from N – interbred with N
