Chapters 5&6 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

What are the two types of muscle?

Answer 1

Striated (voluntary) and smooth (involuntary)

Question 2

Where is cardiac muscle found?

Answer 2

The myocardium

Question 3

Cardiac muscle is ____ and _____.

Answer 3

striated and involuntary

Question 4

Where can you find smooth muscle?

Answer 4

Stomach and intestines, urinary bladder, arteries, glands, and respiratory tract; also responsible for dilation and contraction of the iris and contraction of arrector pili muscles

Question 5

What are some characteristics of skeletal muscles (striated)?

Answer 5

long and cylindrical, have multiple nuclei, and consist of fibers (cells) divided by bands or cross-striations (stripes)

Question 6

What is the tough outer sheath that surrounds skeletal muscle called?

Answer 6

Epimysium

Question 7

What type of connective tissue connects muscle to bone?

Answer 7

Tendons

Question 8

What are the three types of fascia (fibrous connective membrane on muscles)?

Answer 8

Deep, subcutaneous, and subserous

Question 9

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

Answer 9

Synaptic vesicles

Question 10

What is the region between neuron terminals and muscle fibers?

Answer 10

Neuromuscular junction or the synaptic gap

Question 11

What is the neurotransmitter that has the primary function of bridging the synaptic gaps between nerve terminals and receptor sites of skeletal muscles?

Answer 11

Acetylcholine

Question 12

What is the fixed, beginning point of a muscle called?

Answer 12

Origin

Question 13

What is the end point of the muscle, where it is attached to the bone it moves, called?

Answer 13

Insertion

Question 14

Flexion

Answer 14

Decreases angle of the joint (bending)

Question 15

Extension

Answer 15

Increases the angle of the joint (extending)

Question 16

Abduction

Answer 16

Moving away from the center of the body

Question 17

Adduction

Answer 17

Moving toward the center of the body

Question 18

Dorsiflexion

Answer 18

Moving up or down

Question 19

Supination

Answer 19

Rotating the palm upward

Question 20

Pronation

Answer 20

Rotating palm downward

Question 21

What nerve innervates the facial muscles?

Answer 21

The facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve)

Question 22

What three muscles work together to move the eyelids, eyebrows, and forehead?

Answer 22

Frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi

Question 23

What is a bifurcated muscle?

Answer 23

Each side can move independently (frontalis being an example)

Question 24

Which muscle is known as the frowning muscle?

Answer 24

The corrugator

Question 25

What does the latin word cilium mean?

Answer 25

eyelash

Question 26

The orbicularis oculi is composed of three parts-what are they and what do they do?

Answer 26

Palpebral-closes eyelid gently(sleeping) Orbital-closes eyelid more vigorously(winking) Lacrimal Apparatus-network that secretes and drains tears

Question 27

Draws the upper lip backward, upward, and outward

Answer 27

Zygomaticus minor, or quadratus labii superioris

Question 28

Opens and closes the mouth

Answer 28

Orbicularis oris

Question 29

Raises the corners of the mouth (smiling)

Answer 29

Zygomaticus major

Question 30

Raises, lowers, and protrudes the lower lip

Answer 30

Depressor labii inferioris, or quadratus, or levator labii inferioris

Question 31

Raises and lowers the lower lip, causes wrinkling of the chin

Answer 31

Mentalis

Question 32

Depresses the angle of the mouth (creates a sad expression)

Answer 32

Depressor anguli oris, or triangularis

Question 33

Eleavtes and retracts the jaw

Answer 33

Masseter

Question 34

What is a frenulum?

Answer 34

A tissue that connects one thing to another

Question 35

What does the latin word buccina mean?

Answer 35

Trumpet

Question 36

Which muscles are referred to as the prayer muscles?

Answer 36

Sternocleidomastoids

Question 37

Which muscles originate in the upper chest and insert below the mandible, crisscrossing the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid? It also covers the external jugular vein and is responsible for the contours on the neck

Answer 37

The platysma

Question 38

Which muscle is sometimes called the Elvis muscle?

Answer 38

The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

Question 39

How many pairs of nerves make up the cranial nerves?

Answer 39

12

Question 40

Which nerves serve the face and upper neck?

Answer 40

facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) and trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

Question 41

Deltoid

Answer 41

Arm abduction and shoulder hyperextension (triangle shaped)

Question 42

Biceps brachii

Answer 42

Flexion and supination of the arm (two heads)

Question 43

Brachialis

Answer 43

Flexion of the elbow

Question 44

Triceps brachii

Answer 44

Extension of the arm and elbow (three heads)

Question 45

What do the anterior and posterior muscles of the torso assist with?

Answer 45

Balance, contribute to operation of the limbs, and provide support for vital organs

Question 46

What angles do the external and internal obliques run?

Answer 46

Obtuse angles

Question 47

Which muscles create the "six-pack"?

Answer 47

Rectus abdominis

Question 48

Which muscles make up most of the upper back?

Answer 48

Trapezius (diamond shaped)

Question 49

Which muscles make up most of the lower back?

Answer 49

Latissimus dorsi (fan-shaped)

Question 50

What five muscle groups regulate hip movement?

Answer 50

gluteals, adductors, abductors, flexors, and extensors

Question 51

What is the gluteus maximus tasked with?

Answer 51

maintaining safe alignment of the femur

Question 52

What three muscles make up the hamstring?

Answer 52

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus-together control flexion of the knee

Question 53

What four muscles make up the quadriceps?

Answer 53

rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius-together control extension of the knee

Question 54

Tibialis anterior

Answer 54

Dorsiflexion, inversion, and supination of the foot

Question 55

Extensor digitorum longus

Answer 55

Lifts the fourth and fifth toes; dorsiflexion of the ankle

Question 56

Tertius fibularis, tertius peroneus, peroneus longus, and peroneus brevis

Answer 56

Move the ankle

Question 57

Gastrocnemius (calf muscle)

Answer 57

Plantar flexion of the foot; assists flexion of the knee

Question 58

Which muscle do not all people have?

Answer 58

Tertius peroneus

Question 59

What do arteries carry?

Answer 59

blood full of oxygen and nutrients

Question 60

What do veins carry?

Answer 60

deoxygenated blood now carrying carbon dioxide and metabolic waste

Question 61

What kind of tissue is blood considered?

Answer 61

Connective

Question 62

What is the fluid part of blood called, and how much of the total blood volume does it make up?

Answer 62

Plasma-forms 52-62 percent of total blood volume

Question 63

Plasma is ___% water

Answer 63

91%

Question 64

How many red blood cells does the human body produce per second?

Answer 64

17 million

Question 65

How many quarts of blood does the human body have, and how many times does it travel though the body a day?

Answer 65

6-8 quarts 3 times a day

Question 66

The weight of a person's total blood supply is roughly __% of the total body weight

Answer 66

10%

Question 67

What temperature is blood maintained at?

Answer 67

100.4 degrees F

Question 68

What substance maintains osmotic pressure and buffers pH

Answer 68

Albumin

Question 69

What are waste products of the blood

Answer 69

Lactic acid, urea, and uric acid

Question 70

What is the nonfluid blood referred to as?

Answer 70

Formed elements

Question 71

How long is a platelets life span?

Answer 71

5-9 days

Question 72

What causes anemia?

Answer 72

When the hemoglobin content of the blood is less than required to meet the oxygen carrying demands of the body

Question 73

How much does the heart weigh?

Answer 73

approximately 10.5 ounces (300 grams)

Question 74

What disorder is common in populations from the Mediterranean region, Africa, and Southeast Asia?

Answer 74

Thalassemia

Question 75

How many layers is the pericardium?

Answer 75

3

Question 76

Which layers of the pericardium adheres tightly to the heart?

Answer 76

Epicardium

Question 77

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Answer 77

epicardium (external layer), myocardium (middle layer), and endocardium (innermost layer)

Question 78

What are the top chambers of the heart called?

Answer 78

Atria (receive blood and pump it into the ventricles)

Question 79

What are the bottom chambers of the heart called?

Answer 79

Ventricles (pump blood out of the heart)

Question 80

Which circuit are the right atrium and right ventricle associated with?

Answer 80

Pulmonary circuit (carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs)

Question 81

Which circuit are the left atrium and left ventricle associated with?

Answer 81

Systemic circuit (transports blood to and from the rest of the body

Question 82

Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?

Answer 82

The left

Question 83

Which ventricles walls are thicker, and why?

Answer 83

The left ventricle is thicker because it has a greater distance to travel, pumping oxygen rich blood into the body

Question 84

What is the valve on the left side of the heart called?

Answer 84

Bicuspid valve

Question 85

What is the valve on the right side of the heart called?

Answer 85

Tricuspid valve

Question 86

What are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves collectively called?

Answer 86

Atrioventricular valves

Question 87

What is the phase of contraction of the heart?

Answer 87

Systole

Question 88

What is the phase of relaxation of the heart?

Answer 88

Diastole

Question 89

How many times does the average heart beat per minute?

Answer 89

72 times