Chapters 5&6 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What are the two types of muscle?
Striated (voluntary) and smooth (involuntary)
Where is cardiac muscle found?
The myocardium
Cardiac muscle is ____ and _____.
striated and involuntary
Where can you find smooth muscle?
Stomach and intestines, urinary bladder, arteries, glands, and respiratory tract; also responsible for dilation and contraction of the iris and contraction of arrector pili muscles
What are some characteristics of skeletal muscles (striated)?
long and cylindrical, have multiple nuclei, and consist of fibers (cells) divided by bands or cross-striations (stripes)
What is the tough outer sheath that surrounds skeletal muscle called?
Epimysium
What type of connective tissue connects muscle to bone?
Tendons
What are the three types of fascia (fibrous connective membrane on muscles)?
Deep, subcutaneous, and subserous
Where are neurotransmitters stored?
Synaptic vesicles
What is the region between neuron terminals and muscle fibers?
Neuromuscular junction or the synaptic gap
What is the neurotransmitter that has the primary function of bridging the synaptic gaps between nerve terminals and receptor sites of skeletal muscles?
Acetylcholine
What is the fixed, beginning point of a muscle called?
Origin
What is the end point of the muscle, where it is attached to the bone it moves, called?
Insertion
Flexion
Decreases angle of the joint (bending)
Extension
Increases the angle of the joint (extending)
Abduction
Moving away from the center of the body
Adduction
Moving toward the center of the body
Dorsiflexion
Moving up or down
Supination
Rotating the palm upward
Pronation
Rotating palm downward
What nerve innervates the facial muscles?
The facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve)
What three muscles work together to move the eyelids, eyebrows, and forehead?
Frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi
What is a bifurcated muscle?
Each side can move independently (frontalis being an example)
Which muscle is known as the frowning muscle?
The corrugator
What does the latin word cilium mean?
eyelash
The orbicularis oculi is composed of three parts-what are they and what do they do?
Palpebral-closes eyelid gently(sleeping)
Orbital-closes eyelid more vigorously(winking)
Lacrimal Apparatus-network that secretes and drains tears
Draws the upper lip backward, upward, and outward
Zygomaticus minor, or quadratus labii superioris
Opens and closes the mouth
Orbicularis oris
Raises the corners of the mouth (smiling)
Zygomaticus major
Raises, lowers, and protrudes the lower lip
Depressor labii inferioris, or quadratus, or levator labii inferioris
Raises and lowers the lower lip, causes wrinkling of the chin
Mentalis
Depresses the angle of the mouth (creates a sad expression)
Depressor anguli oris, or triangularis
Eleavtes and retracts the jaw
Masseter
What is a frenulum?
A tissue that connects one thing to another
What does the latin word buccina mean?
Trumpet
Which muscles are referred to as the prayer muscles?
Sternocleidomastoids
Which muscles originate in the upper chest and insert below the mandible, crisscrossing the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid? It also covers the external jugular vein and is responsible for the contours on the neck
The platysma
Which muscle is sometimes called the Elvis muscle?
The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
How many pairs of nerves make up the cranial nerves?
12
Which nerves serve the face and upper neck?
facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) and trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)
Deltoid
Arm abduction and shoulder hyperextension (triangle shaped)
Biceps brachii
Flexion and supination of the arm (two heads)
Brachialis
Flexion of the elbow
Triceps brachii
Extension of the arm and elbow (three heads)
What do the anterior and posterior muscles of the torso assist with?
Balance, contribute to operation of the limbs, and provide support for vital organs
What angles do the external and internal obliques run?
Obtuse angles
Which muscles create the “six-pack”?
Rectus abdominis
Which muscles make up most of the upper back?
Trapezius (diamond shaped)
Which muscles make up most of the lower back?
Latissimus dorsi (fan-shaped)
What five muscle groups regulate hip movement?
gluteals, adductors, abductors, flexors, and extensors
What is the gluteus maximus tasked with?
maintaining safe alignment of the femur
What three muscles make up the hamstring?
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus-together control flexion of the knee
What four muscles make up the quadriceps?
rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius-together control extension of the knee
Tibialis anterior
Dorsiflexion, inversion, and supination of the foot
Extensor digitorum longus
Lifts the fourth and fifth toes; dorsiflexion of the ankle
Tertius fibularis, tertius peroneus, peroneus longus, and peroneus brevis
Move the ankle
Gastrocnemius (calf muscle)
Plantar flexion of the foot; assists flexion of the knee
Which muscle do not all people have?
Tertius peroneus
What do arteries carry?
blood full of oxygen and nutrients
What do veins carry?
deoxygenated blood now carrying carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
What kind of tissue is blood considered?
Connective
What is the fluid part of blood called, and how much of the total blood volume does it make up?
Plasma-forms 52-62 percent of total blood volume
Plasma is ___% water
91%
How many red blood cells does the human body produce per second?
17 million
How many quarts of blood does the human body have, and how many times does it travel though the body a day?
6-8 quarts
3 times a day
The weight of a person’s total blood supply is roughly __% of the total body weight
10%
What temperature is blood maintained at?
100.4 degrees F
What substance maintains osmotic pressure and buffers pH
Albumin
What are waste products of the blood
Lactic acid, urea, and uric acid
What is the nonfluid blood referred to as?
Formed elements
How long is a platelets life span?
5-9 days
What causes anemia?
When the hemoglobin content of the blood is less than required to meet the oxygen carrying demands of the body
How much does the heart weigh?
approximately 10.5 ounces (300 grams)
What disorder is common in populations from the Mediterranean region, Africa, and Southeast Asia?
Thalassemia
How many layers is the pericardium?
3
Which layers of the pericardium adheres tightly to the heart?
Epicardium
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
epicardium (external layer), myocardium (middle layer), and endocardium (innermost layer)
What are the top chambers of the heart called?
Atria (receive blood and pump it into the ventricles)
What are the bottom chambers of the heart called?
Ventricles (pump blood out of the heart)
Which circuit are the right atrium and right ventricle associated with?
Pulmonary circuit (carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs)
Which circuit are the left atrium and left ventricle associated with?
Systemic circuit (transports blood to and from the rest of the body
Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?
The left
Which ventricles walls are thicker, and why?
The left ventricle is thicker because it has a greater distance to travel, pumping oxygen rich blood into the body
What is the valve on the left side of the heart called?
Bicuspid valve
What is the valve on the right side of the heart called?
Tricuspid valve
What are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves collectively called?
Atrioventricular valves
What is the phase of contraction of the heart?
Systole
What is the phase of relaxation of the heart?
Diastole
How many times does the average heart beat per minute?
72 times
