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Master Esthetics > Chapters 5&6 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapters 5&6 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of muscle?

A

Striated (voluntary) and smooth (involuntary)

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2
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

The myocardium

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3
Q

Cardiac muscle is ____ and _____.

A

striated and involuntary

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4
Q

Where can you find smooth muscle?

A

Stomach and intestines, urinary bladder, arteries, glands, and respiratory tract; also responsible for dilation and contraction of the iris and contraction of arrector pili muscles

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of skeletal muscles (striated)?

A

long and cylindrical, have multiple nuclei, and consist of fibers (cells) divided by bands or cross-striations (stripes)

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6
Q

What is the tough outer sheath that surrounds skeletal muscle called?

A

Epimysium

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7
Q

What type of connective tissue connects muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

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8
Q

What are the three types of fascia (fibrous connective membrane on muscles)?

A

Deep, subcutaneous, and subserous

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9
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

Synaptic vesicles

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10
Q

What is the region between neuron terminals and muscle fibers?

A

Neuromuscular junction or the synaptic gap

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11
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that has the primary function of bridging the synaptic gaps between nerve terminals and receptor sites of skeletal muscles?

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

What is the fixed, beginning point of a muscle called?

A

Origin

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13
Q

What is the end point of the muscle, where it is attached to the bone it moves, called?

A

Insertion

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14
Q

Flexion

A

Decreases angle of the joint (bending)

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15
Q

Extension

A

Increases the angle of the joint (extending)

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16
Q

Abduction

A

Moving away from the center of the body

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17
Q

Adduction

A

Moving toward the center of the body

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18
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Moving up or down

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19
Q

Supination

A

Rotating the palm upward

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20
Q

Pronation

A

Rotating palm downward

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21
Q

What nerve innervates the facial muscles?

A

The facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve)

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22
Q

What three muscles work together to move the eyelids, eyebrows, and forehead?

A

Frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi

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23
Q

What is a bifurcated muscle?

A

Each side can move independently (frontalis being an example)

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24
Q

Which muscle is known as the frowning muscle?

A

The corrugator

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25
Q

What does the latin word cilium mean?

A

eyelash

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26
Q

The orbicularis oculi is composed of three parts-what are they and what do they do?

A

Palpebral-closes eyelid gently(sleeping)
Orbital-closes eyelid more vigorously(winking)
Lacrimal Apparatus-network that secretes and drains tears

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27
Q

Draws the upper lip backward, upward, and outward

A

Zygomaticus minor, or quadratus labii superioris

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28
Q

Opens and closes the mouth

A

Orbicularis oris

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29
Q

Raises the corners of the mouth (smiling)

A

Zygomaticus major

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30
Q

Raises, lowers, and protrudes the lower lip

A

Depressor labii inferioris, or quadratus, or levator labii inferioris

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31
Q

Raises and lowers the lower lip, causes wrinkling of the chin

A

Mentalis

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32
Q

Depresses the angle of the mouth (creates a sad expression)

A

Depressor anguli oris, or triangularis

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33
Q

Eleavtes and retracts the jaw

A

Masseter

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34
Q

What is a frenulum?

A

A tissue that connects one thing to another

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35
Q

What does the latin word buccina mean?

A

Trumpet

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36
Q

Which muscles are referred to as the prayer muscles?

A

Sternocleidomastoids

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37
Q

Which muscles originate in the upper chest and insert below the mandible, crisscrossing the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid? It also covers the external jugular vein and is responsible for the contours on the neck

A

The platysma

38
Q

Which muscle is sometimes called the Elvis muscle?

A

The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

39
Q

How many pairs of nerves make up the cranial nerves?

A

12

40
Q

Which nerves serve the face and upper neck?

A

facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) and trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

41
Q

Deltoid

A

Arm abduction and shoulder hyperextension (triangle shaped)

42
Q

Biceps brachii

A

Flexion and supination of the arm (two heads)

43
Q

Brachialis

A

Flexion of the elbow

44
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Extension of the arm and elbow (three heads)

45
Q

What do the anterior and posterior muscles of the torso assist with?

A

Balance, contribute to operation of the limbs, and provide support for vital organs

46
Q

What angles do the external and internal obliques run?

A

Obtuse angles

47
Q

Which muscles create the “six-pack”?

A

Rectus abdominis

48
Q

Which muscles make up most of the upper back?

A

Trapezius (diamond shaped)

49
Q

Which muscles make up most of the lower back?

A

Latissimus dorsi (fan-shaped)

50
Q

What five muscle groups regulate hip movement?

A

gluteals, adductors, abductors, flexors, and extensors

51
Q

What is the gluteus maximus tasked with?

A

maintaining safe alignment of the femur

52
Q

What three muscles make up the hamstring?

A

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus-together control flexion of the knee

53
Q

What four muscles make up the quadriceps?

A

rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius-together control extension of the knee

54
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Dorsiflexion, inversion, and supination of the foot

55
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

Lifts the fourth and fifth toes; dorsiflexion of the ankle

56
Q

Tertius fibularis, tertius peroneus, peroneus longus, and peroneus brevis

A

Move the ankle

57
Q

Gastrocnemius (calf muscle)

A

Plantar flexion of the foot; assists flexion of the knee

58
Q

Which muscle do not all people have?

A

Tertius peroneus

59
Q

What do arteries carry?

A

blood full of oxygen and nutrients

60
Q

What do veins carry?

A

deoxygenated blood now carrying carbon dioxide and metabolic waste

61
Q

What kind of tissue is blood considered?

A

Connective

62
Q

What is the fluid part of blood called, and how much of the total blood volume does it make up?

A

Plasma-forms 52-62 percent of total blood volume

63
Q

Plasma is ___% water

A

91%

64
Q

How many red blood cells does the human body produce per second?

A

17 million

65
Q

How many quarts of blood does the human body have, and how many times does it travel though the body a day?

A

6-8 quarts
3 times a day

66
Q

The weight of a person’s total blood supply is roughly __% of the total body weight

A

10%

67
Q

What temperature is blood maintained at?

A

100.4 degrees F

68
Q

What substance maintains osmotic pressure and buffers pH

A

Albumin

69
Q

What are waste products of the blood

A

Lactic acid, urea, and uric acid

70
Q

What is the nonfluid blood referred to as?

A

Formed elements

71
Q

How long is a platelets life span?

A

5-9 days

72
Q

What causes anemia?

A

When the hemoglobin content of the blood is less than required to meet the oxygen carrying demands of the body

73
Q

How much does the heart weigh?

A

approximately 10.5 ounces (300 grams)

74
Q

What disorder is common in populations from the Mediterranean region, Africa, and Southeast Asia?

A

Thalassemia

75
Q

How many layers is the pericardium?

A

3

76
Q

Which layers of the pericardium adheres tightly to the heart?

A

Epicardium

77
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

epicardium (external layer), myocardium (middle layer), and endocardium (innermost layer)

78
Q

What are the top chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria (receive blood and pump it into the ventricles)

79
Q

What are the bottom chambers of the heart called?

A

Ventricles (pump blood out of the heart)

80
Q

Which circuit are the right atrium and right ventricle associated with?

A

Pulmonary circuit (carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs)

81
Q

Which circuit are the left atrium and left ventricle associated with?

A

Systemic circuit (transports blood to and from the rest of the body

82
Q

Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?

A

The left

83
Q

Which ventricles walls are thicker, and why?

A

The left ventricle is thicker because it has a greater distance to travel, pumping oxygen rich blood into the body

84
Q

What is the valve on the left side of the heart called?

A

Bicuspid valve

85
Q

What is the valve on the right side of the heart called?

A

Tricuspid valve

86
Q

What are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves collectively called?

A

Atrioventricular valves

87
Q

What is the phase of contraction of the heart?

A

Systole

88
Q

What is the phase of relaxation of the heart?

A

Diastole

89
Q

How many times does the average heart beat per minute?

A

72 times

90
Q
A

Master Esthetics (7 decks)

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