Chapters 5,6 Flashcards
1
Q
 What is the root word for pain? 
A
Alges
2
Q
What is the root word for weakness?
A
Asthen
3
Q
What is the term for on one side?
A
Unilateral
4
Q
What is the acronym for this?
A
NKA
5
Q
What medical term means double vision?
A
Diplopia
6
Q
What is the medical term for coughing up blood?
A
Hemoptysis
7
Q
What is the abbreviation for hypertension?
A
HTN
8
Q
What is the danger of using abbreviations?
A
Miscommunication. If a provider uses acronyms, abbreviations, or symbols that are not widely known, it can result in miscommunication, which could result the patient’s death.
9
Q
You observe the patient as you approach. He is laying face up. As you look at the front and side of his body, which plane of the body are you observing?
A
Coronal
10
Q
After opening the patient’s airway and confirming spontaneous respirations, you check for a pulse on his neck just lateral to the trachea. What artery are you palpating?
A
Carotid
11
Q
You determine the patient has a strong pulse and perform a rapid assessment. While assessing the lower extremities, you observe mark swelling in the right thigh. What bone is in this location?
A
Femur
12
Q
Which of the following substances is the main element that the bone cells used to create a hard in resilient structure?
A
Calcium
13
Q
You perform an assessment while in route to the hospital. You note bruising and instability of the right cheekbone. What is the proper name for this bone?
A
Zygoma
14
Q
The largest bone of the forearm at the wrist is the?
A
Radius
15
Q
The forearm makes up part of the elbow. The elbow is an example of what type of joint?
A
Hinge
16
Q
Explain what occurs in the body as a result of respiratory compromise.
A
Respiratory clinic promise is the inability of the body to move gas effectively. It occurs when either ventilation or respiration is impaired. The heart and brain cells cannot survive without a constant supply of oxygen, and will die in minutes.
17
Q
Amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastolic is termed:
A
Preload
18
Q
No pressure created in the order is when the heart is relaxing is referred to as______pressure?
A
Diastolic
19
Q
The opposite of interior is?
A
Posterior
20
Q
The pulse that is located on the thumb side of the wrist is the?
A
Radial
21
Q
Suppose that is located on top of the foot is the:
A
Dorsalis pedis
22
Q
The _________ is an imaginary line, passing downwards over the trunk of the body, and through the mid point of the clavicle.
A
Midclavicular line
23
Q
What nerve is responsible for making the diaphragm contrast down to create a ventilation?
A
Phrenic nerve
24
Q
The hole at the base of the skull in which the spinal cord passes through is known as the:
A
Foramen Magnum
25
The pulse that is located on either side of the neck is the:
Carotid
26
The amount of pressure that the ventricles must pump against is termed:
Afterload
27
In a healthy adult, which of the following would cause the body to initiate a breath?
An increase in the arterial carbon dioxide level
28
An imaginary line down the center of the body that passes between the eyes, and extends down through the naval is the?
Midline
29
A heart rate less than 60 bpm in an adult. Patient is called?
Bradycardia
30
The pulse that is located on the inner side of the upper arm is the?
Brachial
31
The pulse that is located behind either ankle is the?
Posterior tibial
32
Normal tidal volume for a healthy adult is approximately:
500 ml’s
33
The pulse that is located behind the knee is the:
Popliteal
34
The pressure created in the arteries when the heart is contracting is referred to as the_______pressure.
Systolic
35
An imaginary line that passes down the middle of the armpit region is known as the:
Midaxillary line
36
Which of the following terms represents the front of the human body?
Anterior
37
The amount of blood that is ejected from the ventricles during systole is termed:
 Stroke volume
38
A heart rate greater than 100 bpm in an adult patient is called:
Tachycardia
39
The lateral recumbent position is also known as the___________position.
Recovery
40
Tidal volume is
The amount of air that is moved in and out of the lungs with each breath
41
A patient lying face down is said to be in the_______position.
Prone
42
Cardiac output equals
Stroke volume X heart rate
43
A patient lying face up is said to be in________position.
Supine
44
A vertical line that runs down the posterior surface of the thorax and runs in the middle of the scapular is known as the:
Mid-scapular line
45
The pulse that is located on the inside of either thigh is the:
Femoral
46
The term that refers to a position closer to the midline is:
Medial
47
The act of breathing out is called:
Exhalation
48
Inferiorly, the knee connect with the:
Tibia and fibula
49
Which term represents the back of the human body
Posterior
50
Where in the body is the respiratory center located at?
Mandula oblongata
51
The normal, anatomical position is best described as a person:
Standing, facing forward, palms forward
52
The Fowlers position is usually achieved by elevating the patient upper body to a_________angle.
45 to 60 degree
53
Are you familiar with the most common prefixes, root words, and suffixes (examples below)
Brady and tachycardia
Brady and Tachypnea
Dyspnea and Apnea
Hypo and hypertension
Slow heartbeat is bradycardia
Rapid heartbeat is tachycardia
Bradypnea is slow breathing
Tachypnea is rapid breathing
Dyspnea is difficulty or labored breathing
Apnea is when you stop breathing when you are a sleep
Hypotension is low blood pressure
Hypertension is high blood pressure
54
Be familiar with terms that describe positions on/of the body:
Interior/Ventral
Posterior/Dorsal
Supine/Prone
Midline
Distal/proximal
Lateral/medial
Extension/flexion
Abduction/adduction
Interior: the front surface of the body, the side facing you in the standard and atomic position.
Ventral: the anterior surface of the body
Posterior: did that surface of the body decide away from you in the standard anatomic position
Dorsal: the posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand.
Supine: lying face up
Prone: lying face down
Midline: the medial line of the body, divides the body into halves
Distal: further from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity
Proximal: closer to the trunk
Lateral: parts of the body that line further from the midline; also called outer structures
Medial: parts of the body that like closer to the midline; also called inner structures
Extension: is the straightening of a joint
Flexion: is the bending of a joint
Abduction: is motion away from the midline.
Adduction: is motion toward the midline
55
Be able to define the anatomical position
This is a position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms to the side, with the palms of the hands forward
56
Be familiar with the different plains of the body.
Coronal
Transverse
Sagittal
Coronal plane:
Divides the body into a front and back portion.
Transverse (axial) plane:
Divides the body into a top and bottom portion.
Sagittal (lateral) plane:
Divides the body into left and right portions (but not necessarily equal)
57
What makes up the axial and appendicular skeletons?
The axial skeleton forms, the foundation to which the arms and legs are attached. The axial skeleton is composed of the skull, facial bones, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.
The arms and legs, their connection points, in the pelvis, makes up the appendicular skeleton.
58
What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?
Ligament connects bone to bone
Tendon connects muscle to muscle
59
What bones make up the cranium?
Occiput
Temporal bones
Parietal bones
Frontal bone
60
The largest opening at the base of the skull is called the?
Foreman magnum
61
What is the one movable bone in the skull?
Mandible is the lower, movable portion of the jaw.
62
Be familiar with the different parts of the spine and how many vertebrae are in each?
The spinal column is the central supporting structure of the body, and is composed of 33 bones
Cervical spine, the first seven vertebrae (C1 through C7) in the neck form of the cervical spine
Thoracic spine the next 12 vertebrae make up the thoracic spine
Lumbar spine, the next five vertebrae form the lumbar spine
Sacrum the five sacral vertebrate or fused together to form one bone, called the sacrum
Coccyx the last four vertebrae, also fused together form the coccyx or tail bone
63
What are the three parts of the sternum?
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid
64
Be familiar with the bones of the arms and legs
Arm
The supporting bone of the arm is the humerus. Its long, straight shaft, serves as an effective lever for heavy lifting. The forearm is composed of the radius in the ulna. The ulna is larger in the proximal forearm and helps to form the elbow joint. The radius is larger in the distal forearm. The radius lies on the lateral, or thumb, side of the forearm, and the ulna is on the medial, or a little finger, side.
Leg
The femur (thighbone) is the largest and one of the strongest bones in the body. At the superior end of the bone is a round structure called the femoral head. Greater and lesser trochanters, patella, tibia, and fibula
65
How does the body make ATP?
(What two components does the cell have to have?)
ATP is a nucleotide that's the main source of energy for the cell. ATP is made in the mitochondria where glucose and oxygen are manipulated to create ATP.
Must have glucose and oxygen to make ATP.
66
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
Aerobic metabolism
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic metabolism
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid
67
What are the three types of muscles found in the human body?
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
68
Be familiar with what the different body systems do. (what does the stomach do? What organ secretes insulin? What are the jobs of the small and large intestine?)
The stomach produces approximately 1.5 L of gastric juice daily. The primary function of the stomach is to receive food in large quantities, intermittently, restore it, and provide for its movement into the small bow and regular, small amounts.
The pancreas is the organ that secretes insulin, which happens in the portion of the gland the islets of Langerhans-is endocrine
Large intestine is the portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and illuminate solid waste.
Small intestine is the portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
69
What is the driving factor that influences us to intake a breath? (the level of what gas in our body triggers our brain that we have to breathe?)
Co2
Carbon dioxide
70
What is the difference between ventilation and respiration?
Respiration:
the inhaling and exhaling of air; 20 physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air
Ventilation:
the movement of air between the lungs and the environment
71
What structures make up the upper airway and the lowerairway?
The upper airways are made of the nose, mouth (oral cavity), tongue, jaw (mandible), pharynx, and larynx. The larynx is typically considered the dividing line between the upper and lower airway.
The lower airway consist of the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and the lungs.
72
What is the purpose of the epiglottis?
The epiglottis is a flap which allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquids from entering the airway under normal circumstances
73
Where in the lungs does respiration occur at?
Respiration
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur within the small one Alveoli
74
During inhalation, what does your diaphragm do?
During inhalation:
Your diaphragm contracts, and moves downwards.
75
During exhalation, what does your diaphragm do?
During exhalation
your diaphragm and rib muscles relax, reducing the space in the chest cavity.
76
What is considered a normal tidal volume for an adult?
Generally, 500 mL in an adult
77
What is dead space volume and how much is it for an adult?
That space is the portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli, and, therefore, little or no exchange of gas between air and blood occurs
Usually 150ml
78
What process is involved in the exchange of gases during respiration? (Like how do they move - osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport?)
In the capillaries, oxygen (O2) passes from the blood to the tissue cells, and carbon dioxide (CO2) and waste pass from the tissue cells to the blood.
79
Be able to identify the different parts of the heart (right and left atrium call mom right and left, ventricle, aortic arch, pulmonary artery)
Look at heart diagram
pages 198/199
80
Be able to trace the movement of blood through the heart
Look at diagram
Page 197
81
The ability of the heart to generate it’s Ona electrical impulses is known as?
The myocardium of the heart can generate its own electrical impulse, an ability called automaticity.
82
What is considered a “natural pacemaker” of the heart?
The SA node
83
What is considered the strongest part of the heart? What is the weakest.
The left ventricle is known as the largest and strongest chamber in your heart.
The “top part of the heart" is a weak pump consisting of the right and left atria
84
What is the normal firing rate of the below pacemaker sites?
SA node
AV node
Purkinje Fibers
SA node - 60 to 100
SV node - 40 to 60
Purkinje Fibers 15 to 40
85
Where are the different heart valves located in the heart?
Tricuspid valve: located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
pulmonary valve: located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
mitral valve: located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
aortic valve: located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
86
What is one thing an artery will always do?
The arteries carry blood from the heart to all body tissues.
87
What is one thing a vein will always do?
Veins collect oxygen-poor blood throughout your body and carry it back to your heart. The other purpose is to carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart.
88
Arteries usually carry what type of blood?
Oxygenated blood
Arteries begin with the aorta, the large artery leaving the heart. They carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all of the body's tissues.
89
Veins usually carry what type of blood?
Veins carry Deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
90
What are the different Pulse sites found in the human body?
Carotid Artery
Femoral Artery
Radial Artery
Brachial Artery
Posterior Tibial Artery
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
91
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood moved in beat is called stroke volume (SV)
92
What is cardiac output?
Cardiac output is equal to heart rate times stroke volume
93
What does top number on a blood pressure called and what does it represent?
The systolic
When the cardiac muscle of the left ventricle contracts
94
What does the bottom number on a blood pressure called and what does it represent?
Diastolic
When the muscle of the ventricle relaxes, the ventricle fills with blood.
95
The difference between the top and bottom number of a blood pressure is called what?
Pulse Pressure
96
What system do we used to evaluate a patient level of consciousness?
The GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale)
97
What is shock?
Recall that shock (hypoperfusion) is a condition in which organs and tissues receive an in adequate flow of blood and oxygen, or perfusion.
98
What are the different branches of the nervous system?
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
99
What are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system?
Sensory and motor Nerves
100
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the fight or flight response
Parasympathetic nervous system slows down the body
