Chapters 45-48 Flashcards
Neurotransmitter receptors are located on
the postsynaptic membrane
Autonomic targets are influenced by
Acetylcholine
How do neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells?
Altering their permeability, affecting the ion channel proteins, causing molecular changes and initiating signal transduction pathways
Acetylcholine is terminated by
its degradation by hydrolotic enzymes by the postsynaptic membrane
Example of a ligand gated sodium channel
Acetylcholine released into the junction between motor neuron and skeletal muscle binds to a
sodium channel and opening
Action potential moves more rapidly through
myelinated axons
The minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage gate
Threshold potential
When does hyperpolarization of the neuron occur
When there is increased movement of potassium ions outside the neurons cytoplasm
When looking at the communication link between motor neurons and skeletal muscle
the motor neuron is the presynaptic cell and the skeletal muscle is the postsynaptic cell
Most of the neurons found in the human brain are
interneurons
A simple nervous system has a flow that moves
both to and away from an integrating center
Prolactin and oxytocin do what
Stimulate and release breast milk
Oxytocin does what besides produce breast milk
Uterine contractions
Progesterone is
Hormone in ovary and acts on the uterus
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
maintains progesterone and estrogen through the beginning stages of pregnancy
Ovarian cycle stages
Follicular -> Ovulation -> Luteal
If the scrotum increases in temperature by as little as 2 degrees celscius
It can reduce fertility by impairing spermatogenesis
What makes up the non cellular fluid in semen
Secretion of seminal vesicles
The uretha carries
Both semen and urine
Corpus luteum
follicular cellls left behind in the ovary after eggs are released
Cervix is
The junction between the upper vagina and the uterus
Female insects can
Store sperm for up to a year in the spermatheca
Pheramones
Hormones secreted to attracted a mate
The cloaca is a common exit for
the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems in
nonmammalian vertebrates
Environmental cues that influences timing of reproduction do this by
Directly effecting hormonal control mechanisms
Sexual reproduction produces
Diverse phenotypes which enhance survival
Melatonin is secreted by
Pineal gland
Androgens are
Testrosterone
Pancreas secrete
Insulin and glucagon
Body cells take up more glucose when
Beta cells of the pancreas secrete more insulin
Parathydroid hormone regulates
Calcuim and the feedback mechanism includes calcitonin
The following are endocrine disorder and the gland associated with each:
diabetes and pancreas; giantism and pituitary; goiter and thyroid; tetany and parathyroid; dwarfism and pituitary
For the the thyroid to function properly
Iodine is needed
Antidiarrhetic hormone (ADH) targets
Cells in the kidney
The hypothalamus releases
Hormones that control the anterior pituitary
Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus are a good illustration of
How the endocrine and nervous system are structurally related
If starvation occurs
Glucagon would be particularly active
Prostaglandins are derived from
The basic structure of fatty acids
What do hormones do
They control cellular functions and negative feedback regulates hormones
