Chapter 6 and 7

Question 1

Explain why there is an advantage to using a light microscope vs. an electron microscope

Answer 1

The light microscope allows you to view Dynamic processes in the living cell the electron microscope has the higher magnification and the better resolution

Question 2

What is cell fractionation and why is it performed?

Answer 2

A cell fraction or two separate and make pieces this is going to separate the major organelles so that we can determine their functions

Question 3

What are the parts of the prokaryotic cell

Answer 3

Main parts of the prokaryotic cell are the DNA a cell wall plasma membrane and ribosomes

Question 4

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

Answer 4

The big differences between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic or that is eukaryotic has an endoplasmic reticulum and it also has a defined nucleus

Question 5

Explain how a cell’s surface area is important to its functions

Answer 5

Size limits in cells typically refers to the surface area if you remember we talked about the mitochondria having the cristae or the fold and this was to increase surface area to have a sufficient area for the cells functions

Question 6

If a cell has a large number of ribosomes, what might be that cell’s specialization?

Answer 6

We know that ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis so if it has a large number of ribosomes it would be would be specializing in producing/synthesizing proteins

Question 7

The smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of what three molecules?

Answer 7

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils phospholipids and steroids are all classified as lipids but it is specifically those three things

Question 8

Rough ER is a

Answer 8

Site for protein synthesis that will be exported from cells

Question 9

Hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent damage to the cell’s other components. What organelle is involved in this process?

Answer 9

Lysosomes are the organelle that function in compartmentalization which prevents destruction to other cellular components

Question 10

Why are liver cells in smooth ER

Answer 10

It has enzymes that metabolize lipid-soluble compounds ( get rid of harmful drugs) turns them into urine

Question 11

Why are hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes

Answer 11

The hydrolytic enzymes make it so the lysosome can ingest bacteria easier by making the bacteria smaller

Question 12

The mitochondrion is unique bc

Answer 12

It contains its own DNA and ribsomes because there is a theory that the mitochondria and cholorplast were a seperate prokaryotic cell but then formed a parasitic relationship with a eukaryotic cell but then it turned into a mutually beneficial cell (endosymbiotic theory)

Question 13

3 Components of chloroplasts

Answer 13

Contains grana, thylakoids, and stromas

Question 14

Where is DNA found

Answer 14

Found in nucleus but also maybe mitochondria and chloroplast bc of endosymbiotic theory

Question 15

What are two organelles that produce ATP and are light sensitive

Answer 15

Chloroplast produces ATP in light(photosynthesis) and Mitochondria produes ATP in dark

Question 16

Inner membrane of mitochondria has what

Answer 16

inner membrane has the cristae folds that has folds that increase surface area

Question 17

The centriole has a microtubular structure like

Answer 17

Like the basal body

Question 18

Centrosomes and Ribosomes form what two cell structures involved with movement

Answer 18

Form cilia and flagella for back and forth and side to side movement

Question 19

Chloroplasts/Mitochondria function

Answer 19

Main site for cellular respiration/photosynthesis

Question 20

Cell wall

Answer 20

Structural and allows cell to develop tugor pressure

Question 21

Chromosomes

Answer 21

Contain DNA

Question 22

Lysosomes

Answer 22

Engulf and breakdown bacteria by the hydrolytic enzymes

Question 23

How does a cell’s ability make and secrete glycoproteins relate to the ECM and the golgi apparatus?

Answer 23

Golgi apparatus plays an important role in the synthesis of proteoglycans(mixtures of amino acids and sugars) which are molecules present in the extracellular matrix of animals

Question 24

How does the ECM communicate information from the outside to the inside of the cell

Answer 24

it uses integrins

Question 25

How do gap junctions work

Answer 25

allow ions to travel directly from the cytoplasm of one cell into the cytoplasm of another through the junction

Question 26

bound ribosomes

Answer 26

synthesize membrane and secretory proteins

Question 27

Why would a scientist use phagocytic white blood cells to study lysosomes

Answer 27

White blood cells do the same thing as lysosomes (engluf and absorbing bacteria)

Question 28

Multiple transmembrane proteins are found in which structure?

Answer 28

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 29

Describe the location integral and peripheral proteins in the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 29

Integral proteins are embedded and peripheral proteins are not embedded (found on outsids)

Question 30

Glycoproteins do what

Answer 30

Work as receptors and help cell regonition

Question 31

Lipids and proteins can move freely in a lateral direction in the membrane. How does this relate to the hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of the membrane

Answer 31

Hydrophilic portions of the lipids are found on the inside of the membrane. The membrane has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Question 32

What is diffusion (passive transport)

Answer 32

Diffusion is a passive process that does not require energy when molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 33

Active transport

Answer 33

active transport requires the use of ATP and the molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Question 34

Explain how water moves quickly through the membrane

Answer 34

Transport proteins called aquaporins

Question 35

Why will a cell wall become turgid in a hypotonic solution

Answer 35

It will swell and fill with water which creates a positive pressure

Question 36

How do Na+ ions move out of the cell

Answer 36

ATP hydrolosis

Question 37

Membrane potentional

Answer 37

Voltage or charge across membrane

Question 38

Electrochecmical gradient

Answer 38

Ions diffuse membranes down the electrochemical gradient

Question 39

Proton pumps

Answer 39

Uses energy to transport protons from mitochondria to inner membrane. Generates a proton gradient b/c there are more outside the inner membrane

Question 40

Phagocytosis

Answer 40

Act of engulfment

Question 41

During what stage of receptor mediated endocytosis are the receptor molecules found on the inside surface of the vesicle

Answer 41

Receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell after endocytosis. they are on the inside surface of the vesicle

Question 42

Three stages of cell signaling

Answer 42

Signal reception, signal transduction and cell response

Question 43

Ligand

Answer 43

Small molecule that binds to larger molecule

Question 44

Chemical Signal pathways bind

Answer 44

Bind signal molecules to a protein on the surface of a target cell