Chapter 6 and 7 Flashcards
Explain why there is an advantage to using a light microscope vs. an electron microscope
The light microscope allows you to view Dynamic processes in the living cell the electron microscope has the higher magnification and the better resolution
What is cell fractionation and why is it performed?
A cell fraction or two separate and make pieces this is going to separate the major organelles so that we can determine their functions
What are the parts of the prokaryotic cell
Main parts of the prokaryotic cell are the DNA a cell wall plasma membrane and ribosomes
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
The big differences between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic or that is eukaryotic has an endoplasmic reticulum and it also has a defined nucleus
Explain how a cell’s surface area is important to its functions
Size limits in cells typically refers to the surface area if you remember we talked about the mitochondria having the cristae or the fold and this was to increase surface area to have a sufficient area for the cells functions
If a cell has a large number of ribosomes, what might be that cell’s specialization?
We know that ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis so if it has a large number of ribosomes it would be would be specializing in producing/synthesizing proteins
The smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of what three molecules?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils phospholipids and steroids are all classified as lipids but it is specifically those three things
Rough ER is a
Site for protein synthesis that will be exported from cells
Hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent damage to the cell’s other components. What organelle is involved in this process?
Lysosomes are the organelle that function in compartmentalization which prevents destruction to other cellular components
Why are liver cells in smooth ER
It has enzymes that metabolize lipid-soluble compounds ( get rid of harmful drugs) turns them into urine
Why are hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes
The hydrolytic enzymes make it so the lysosome can ingest bacteria easier by making the bacteria smaller
The mitochondrion is unique bc
It contains its own DNA and ribsomes because there is a theory that the mitochondria and cholorplast were a seperate prokaryotic cell but then formed a parasitic relationship with a eukaryotic cell but then it turned into a mutually beneficial cell (endosymbiotic theory)
3 Components of chloroplasts
Contains grana, thylakoids, and stromas
Where is DNA found
Found in nucleus but also maybe mitochondria and chloroplast bc of endosymbiotic theory
What are two organelles that produce ATP and are light sensitive
Chloroplast produces ATP in light(photosynthesis) and Mitochondria produes ATP in dark
Inner membrane of mitochondria has what
inner membrane has the cristae folds that has folds that increase surface area
The centriole has a microtubular structure like
Like the basal body
Centrosomes and Ribosomes form what two cell structures involved with movement
Form cilia and flagella for back and forth and side to side movement
Chloroplasts/Mitochondria function
Main site for cellular respiration/photosynthesis
Cell wall
Structural and allows cell to develop tugor pressure
Chromosomes
Contain DNA
Lysosomes
Engulf and breakdown bacteria by the hydrolytic enzymes
How does a cell’s ability make and secrete glycoproteins relate to the ECM and the golgi apparatus?
Golgi apparatus plays an important role in the synthesis of proteoglycans(mixtures of amino acids and sugars) which are molecules present in the extracellular matrix of animals
How does the ECM communicate information from the outside to the inside of the cell
it uses integrins
How do gap junctions work
allow ions to travel directly from the cytoplasm of one cell into the cytoplasm of another through the junction
bound ribosomes
synthesize membrane and secretory proteins
Why would a scientist use phagocytic white blood cells to study lysosomes
White blood cells do the same thing as lysosomes (engluf and absorbing bacteria)
Multiple transmembrane proteins are found in which structure?
Phospholipid bilayer
Describe the location integral and peripheral proteins in the phospholipid bilayer
Integral proteins are embedded and peripheral proteins are not embedded (found on outsids)
Glycoproteins do what
Work as receptors and help cell regonition
Lipids and proteins can move freely in a lateral direction in the membrane. How does this relate to the hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of the membrane
Hydrophilic portions of the lipids are found on the inside of the membrane. The membrane has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
What is diffusion (passive transport)
Diffusion is a passive process that does not require energy when molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Active transport
active transport requires the use of ATP and the molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Explain how water moves quickly through the membrane
Transport proteins called aquaporins
Why will a cell wall become turgid in a hypotonic solution
It will swell and fill with water which creates a positive pressure
How do Na+ ions move out of the cell
ATP hydrolosis
Membrane potentional
Voltage or charge across membrane
Electrochecmical gradient
Ions diffuse membranes down the electrochemical gradient
Proton pumps
Uses energy to transport protons from mitochondria to inner membrane. Generates a proton gradient b/c there are more outside the inner membrane
Phagocytosis
Act of engulfment
During what stage of receptor mediated endocytosis are the receptor molecules found on the inside surface of the vesicle
Receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell after endocytosis. they are on the inside surface of the vesicle
Three stages of cell signaling
Signal reception, signal transduction and cell response
Ligand
Small molecule that binds to larger molecule
Chemical Signal pathways bind
Bind signal molecules to a protein on the surface of a target cell
