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Biology > Chapters 43, 44, 45: The Internal Environment, Reproduction and Development > Flashcards

Chapters 43, 44, 45: The Internal Environment, Reproduction and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

angiotensin II

A

Hormone that acts on the aldosterone-secreting cells of the adrenal cortex

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2
Q

hypothalamus

A

Forebrain region that controls visceral activities (e.g., salt/water balance, core temperature, and reproduction); influences related behaviors (e.g., hunger, thirst, and sex) and emotional states (e.g., sweating with fear).

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3
Q

urethra

A

Tube that conducts urine from the urinary bladder to an opening at the body’s surface.

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4
Q

urinary system

A

Organ system that adjusts the volume and composition of blood, and so helps maintain extracellular fluid.

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5
Q

distal tubule

A

Tubular portion of nephron closest to the collecting duct; selectively reabsorbs water and sodium.

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6
Q

heterotherms

A

Organisms that sometime tightly control their core temperature, and sometimes allow it to shift

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7
Q

proximal tubule

A

Nephron’s tubular portion into which water and solutes enter after being filtered from blood at bowman’s capsule.

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8
Q

aldosterone

A

Adrenal cortex hormone; helps control sodium reabsorption.

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9
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

In a kidney; diffusion or active transport of water and reclaimable solutes from a nephron into peritubular capillaries; under control of ADH and aldosterone.

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10
Q

urinary excretion

A

mechanism by which excess water and solutes are removed from the body by way of a urinary system.

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11
Q

vasoconstriction

A

Decrease in the diameter of an arteriole.

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12
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Cup-shape portion of a nephron that receives water and solutes being filtered from blood.

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13
Q

peritubular capillary

A

One of the set of blood capillaries around tubular parts of a nephron. Reabsorbs water and solutes, and secretes excess hydrogen ions and other substances.

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14
Q

glomerular capillaries

A

Set of blood capillaries inside Bowman’s capsule of a nephron.

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15
Q

peripheral vasoconstriction

A

Shrinking of the blood vessels in the skin.

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16
Q

ectotherm

A

Animal that maintains core temperature mainly by gaining environmental heat; temperature regulation is mostly behavioral

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17
Q

non shivering heat production

A

Hormonal response to prolonged or severe cold; elevates the rate of metabolism.

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18
Q

shivering response

A

Rhythmic tremors of skeletal muscles in response to signals from the hypothalamus

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19
Q

endotherm

A

Animal that maintains core temperature mainly by means of metabolic heat production.

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20
Q

evaporation

A

The conversion of a substance from liquid state to gaseous state under input of heat energy.

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21
Q

renal failure

A

Failure of kidneys to perform their regulatory and excretory function. Irreversible and fatal if untreated.

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22
Q

glomerulus

A

First portion of the nephron, where water and solutes are filtered from blood.

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23
Q

core temperature

A

Body’s internal temperature

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24
Q

peripheral vasodilation

A

Expansion of the blood vessels in skin.

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25
Q

blood

A

Fluid connective tissue of water, solutes, and blood elements (blood cells and platelets). Blood transports substances to and from cells, and helps maintain internal environment.

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26
Q

convection

A

Transfer of heat by moving air or water.

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27
Q

pilomotor response

A

Creation of layer of still air next to the skin to reduce convective and radiative heat loss.

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28
Q

interstitial fluid

A

Of animals, the portion of extracellular fluid occupying the spaces between cells and tissues.

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29
Q

buffer system

A

A weak acid and the base that forms when it dissolves in water. The two work as a pair to counter slight shifts in pH.

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30
Q

extracellular fluid

A

Of most animals, all fluid not inside cells; plasma (blood’s liquid portion) plus interstitial fluid (occupies spaces between cells and tissues).

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31
Q

evaporative heat loss

A

Heat loss across moist respiratory surfaces or the skin.

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32
Q

conduction

A

The gain or loss of heat as a result of contact with a solid object.

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33
Q

vasodilation

A

Increase in the diameter of an arteriole.

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34
Q

urea

A

Waste formed in the liver when two ammonia molecules combine with carbon dioxide.

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35
Q

urinary bladder

A

Distensible sac in which urine is stored before being excreted.

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36
Q

loop of Henle

A

Hairpin-shape, tubular region of a nephron that reabsorbs water and solutes.

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37
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus, stored and released by the posterior ptuitary; makes tubule wall more permeable to water, resulting in a more concentrated urine.

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38
Q

filtration

A

First step in urine formation; pressure of heart contractions filters blood by forcing water and all solutes except proteins from glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule of nephron.

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39
Q

thirst center

A

Region in the hypothalamus that induces water-seeking behavior.

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40
Q

kidney

A

One of a pair of vertebrate organs that filter ions and other substances from blood; controls amounts returned to help maintain the volume and solute levels of extracellular fluid.

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41
Q

collecting duct

A

Duct that leads into the kidney’s central cavity (renal pelvis).

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42
Q

acid-base balance

A

Maintenance of hydrogen ions within normal physiologic limits.

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43
Q

tubular secretion

A

Secretion by the cells of the tubular wall; excess hydrogen ions and a few other solutes are secreted into the nephron’s lumen.

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44
Q

radiation

A

Gain of heat after exposure to radiant heat energy.

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45
Q

urine

A

Fluid of excess water, wastes, and solutes that forms in kidneys by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

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46
Q

nephron

A

One of the urine-forming tubules in a kidney; it filters water and solutes from blood, then selectively reabsorbs adjusted amounts of both in ways that help maintain the volume and composition of extracellular fluid.

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47
Q

ureter

A

One of a pair of tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

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48
Q

molting

A

Periodic shedding of body structures that are too small, worn out, or both. Permits certain animals to grow in size or renew some parts (e.g., exoskeletons, shells, hairs, feathers, and horns). Especially characteristic of insects and other arthropods.

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49
Q

pattern formation theory

A

Explanation of the orderly, sequential sculpting of embryonic cells into specialized animal tissues and organs. First cytoplasmic localization and, later, inductive interactions among classes of master genes are responsible. Gene products map out the basic body plan and create chemical gradients that dictate how specific body parts develop.

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50
Q

fate map

A

Surface diagram of certain early embryos (e.g., of Drosophila) showing where the differentiated cells of the adult originate.

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51
Q

gamete

A

Haploid cell, formed by meiotic cell division of a germ cell; required for sexual reproduction. Egg and sperm are examples.

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52
Q

cytoplasmic localization

A

Parceling of a portion of maternal messages in the egg cytoplasm to each blastomere that forms during cleavage.

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53
Q

gamete formation

A

Formation of sex cells (e.g., sperm and eggs); occurs in reproductive tissues or organs in most eukaryotic species.

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54
Q

gastrulation

A

Stage of animal development; major reorganization of new cells into two or three primary tissue layers.

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55
Q

viviparous

A

Giving birth to live young

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56
Q

mesoderm

A

Primary tissue layer important in evolution of all large, complex animals; gives rise to many internal organs and part of integument.

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57
Q

oviparous

A

Producing eggs that develop outside the mother’s body.

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58
Q

apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death. Molecular signals activate weapons of self-destruction in body cells that finished their prescribed functions or became altered; as by infection or cancerous transformation.

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59
Q

yolk

A

Protein-rich, lipid-rich substance that nourishes embryonic stages.

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60
Q

aging

A

Of any multicelled organism showing extensive cell differentiation, a gradual and expected deterioration of the body over time.

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61
Q

endoderm

A

Inner primary tissue layer of an animal embryo; source of inner gut lining and derived organs.

62
Q

cleavage

A

Early stage of animal development. Mitotic cell divisions divide a fertilized egg into many smaller nucleated cells; original volume of egg cytoplasm does not increase.

63
Q

embryo

A

Of animals, a multicelled body that is formed by cleavage, gastrulation, and other early developmental events.

64
Q

sexual reproduction

A

Production of offspring by way of meiosis, gamete formation, and fertilization.

65
Q

ectoderm

A

The first-formed, outermost primary tissue layer of animal embryos; gives rise to nervous system tissues and integument’s outer layer.

66
Q

blastomere

A

One of the small, nucleated cells that forms during cleavage.

67
Q

ovoviviparous

A

Fertilized eggs develop inside the mother, then offspring are born live. Yolk reserves, not the mother’s tissues, sustain the eggs.

68
Q

cell differentiation

A

Key process of development. Different cell lineages become specialized in their composition, structure, and function by activating and suppressing some fraction of the genome in different ways.

69
Q

neural tube

A

Embryonic and evolutionary forerunner of brain and spinal cord.

70
Q

organ formation

A

Developmental stage in which primary tissue layers give rise to cell lineages unique in structure and function. Descendants of those lineages give rise to all the different tissues and organs of the adult.

71
Q

pattern formation

A

Emergence of specialized cells and organs in an ordered spatial pattern.

72
Q

internal fertilization

A

Union of sperm and egg inside the body of the female.

73
Q

fertilization

A

Fusion of a sperm nucleus with the nucleus of an egg, which thus becomes a zygote.

74
Q

morphogenesis

A

Genetically prescribed program of orderly changes in the size, shape, an proportions of an animal embryo, leading to specialized tissues and early organs.

75
Q

AER

A

Population of cells that forms in the developing limbs of mammals and birds.

76
Q

sperm

A

Mature male gamete.

77
Q

growth and tissue specialization

A

Final stage of animal development doing which organs increase in size, and gradually assume specialized functions.

78
Q

gray crescent

A

Area of pigmentation that forms after fertilization of a frog egg; establishes the anterior-posterior axis for the body

79
Q

embryonic induction

A

In a growing embryo, one tissue releases a gene product that changes the developmental fate of an adjacent tissue.

80
Q

metamorphosis

A

Major changes in body form during the transition from the embryo to the adult; involves hormonally controlled size increases, reorganization of tissues, and remodeling of body parts.

81
Q

cleavage furrow

A

Ringlike depression defining cleavage plain for dividing animal cells.

82
Q

juvenile

A

Of some animals, a post-embryonic stage that changes only in size and proportion to become the adult (no metamorphosis).

83
Q

homeotic gene

A

A master gene governing the development of specific body parts.

84
Q

zygote

A

First cell of a new individual, formed by fusion of a sperm nucleus with egg nucleus at fertilization; a fertilized egg

85
Q

blastocyst

A

Type of blastula; blastomeres form a surface layer, a cavity filled with their own secretions, and an inner cell mass.

86
Q

blastula

A

An early outcome of cleavage; some number of blastomeres enclosing a fluid-filled cavity.

87
Q

oocyte

A

Immature egg of all animals and some protistans.

88
Q

asexual reproduction

A

Any of a number of modes of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent and inherit the genes of that parent only.

89
Q

telomeres

A

Repetitive DNA sequences that cap the ends of chromosomes.

90
Q

embryonic induction

A

In a growing embryo, release of a gene product from one tissue that affects the developmental fate of an adjacent tissue.

91
Q

morphogen

A

Degradable molecule that diffuses from an embryonic signaling center into adjoining tissues. The concentration gradient helps cells assess their position in the body, and it influences their differentiation.

92
Q

ovary

A

In most animals, a female gonad. In flowering plants, the enlarged base of one or more carpels. A fruit is a mature ovary often combined with other flower parts.

93
Q

blastocyst

A

Type of blastula; blastomeres form a surface layer, a cavity filled with their own secretions, and an inner cell mass.

94
Q

somite

A

One of many paired segments inside a vertebrate embryo that gives rise to most bones, skeletal muscles of the head and trunk, and the overlying dermis

95
Q

implantation

A

Process of pregnancy. A blastocyst burrows into the endometrium and establishes connections by which the mother will exchange substances with the embryo (and fetus) that develops from the blastocyst’s inner cell mass.

96
Q

vas deferens

A

One of the paired ducts that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

97
Q

progesterone

A

Female sex hormone secreted by the ovaries and the corpus leuteum. During the menstrual cycle, concentration peaks during the luteal phase.

98
Q

ovum

A

Mature secondary oocyte, mature egg

99
Q

teratogen

A

Chemical or environmental factor that may induce deformities in the embryo or fetus.

100
Q

gastrulation

A

Stage of animal development; major reorganization of new cells into two or three primary tissue layers.

101
Q

fertilization

A

Fusion of a sperm nucleus with an egg nucleus to form a zygote.

102
Q

ovulation

A

Release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary during one menstrual cycle. .

103
Q

amnion

A

Extraembryonic membrane; boundary layer of a fluid-filled sac in which some vertebrate embryos grow and develop, move freely, and remain protected from impacts and temperature shifts.

104
Q

oocyte

A

Immature egg of all animals and some protistans.

105
Q

primary oocyte

A

An immature egg that is arrested in meiosis I.

106
Q

follicle

A

A mammalian oocyte with its surrounding layer of cells.

107
Q

luteal phase

A

Portion of the menstrual cycle during which the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone.

108
Q

endometrium

A

Innermost lining of uterus

109
Q

testosterone

A

Sex hormone with roles in the development and functioning of the vertebrate male reproductive system; secreted by the Leydig cells of the testes.

110
Q

inhibin

A

Hormone that is secreted by Sertoli cells and acts to inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH

111
Q

secondary oocyte

A

Egg cell produced by completion of meiosis I and cytoplasmic division of a primary oocyte. It is arrested in meiosis II.

112
Q

chorion

A

Type of extraembryonic membrane that becomes part of placenta. Villi (absorptive structures) form at its surface and facilitate exchanges of substances between the embryo and mother.

113
Q

in vitro fertilization

A

Fertilization in a test tube.

114
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

The highly coiled tubules within the testes that produce sperm.

115
Q

sexually transmitted disease (STD)

A

Disease caused by infection of certain pathogens after sexual intercourse.

116
Q

GnRH

A

Releasing hormone that is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates release of FSH and LH by the anterior ptuitary.

117
Q

sperm

A

Mature male gamete.

118
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

An anterior ptuitary hormone that stimulates follicle development and secretion of estrogen in females and stimulates sperm production in males.

119
Q

cell differentiation

A

Key process of development. Different cell lineages become specialized in their composition, structure, and function by activating and suppressing some fraction of the genome in different ways.

120
Q

vagina

A

The part of the female reproductive system that receives sperm, forms part of the birth canal, and channels menstrual flow to the exterior.

121
Q

coitus

A

Sexual intercourse

122
Q

lactation

A

Milk production by hormone-primed mammary glands.

123
Q

allentois

A

An extraembryonic membrane. Functions in respiration and in storing metabolic wastes of embryos of reptiles, birds, and certain mammals. In humans, the urinary bladder and placental blood vessels from from it.

124
Q

prolactin

A

Hormone secreted by the anterior ptuitary that induces the synthesis of enzymes necessary for milk production.

125
Q

morphogenesis

A

Genetically prescribed program of orderly changes in the size, shape, and proportions of an early embryo, leading to specialized tissues and early organs.

126
Q

uterus

A

Of a female placental mammal, a muscular, pear-shape organ in which the embryo is contained and nurtured during pregnancy.

127
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Cells in the seminiferous tubules that provide the forerunners of sperm with nourishment and molecular signals.

128
Q

polar body

A

One of four cells that form by the meiotic cell division of an oocyte but that does not become the ovum.

129
Q

semen

A

Sperm-bearing fluid expelled from the penis during orgasm.

130
Q

follicular phase

A

Portion of the menstrual cycle during which menstruation occurs, and a follicle matures in the ovary.

131
Q

corpus luteum

A

Glandular structure; forms from cells of ruptured ovarian follicle and secretes progesterone and estrogen.

132
Q

labor

A

Dilation of the cervix and expulsion of the fetus from the uterus by muscular contractions.

133
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

Hormone secreted by the developing placenta that helps maintain endometrium during the first trimester of pregnancy.

134
Q

testes (singular, testis)

A

Gonad of some male animals; a primary reproductive organ in which male gametes and sex hormones are produced.

135
Q

menstrual cycle

A

Recurring cycle, lasting twenty-eight days on average in adult human females; a secondary oocyte is released from an ovary and the endometrium becomes primed to receive it.

136
Q

secondary sexual trait

A

A trait associated with maleness or femaleness, but with no direct role in reproduction (e.g., the distribution of body hair and body fat).

137
Q

yolk sac

A

An extraembryonic membrane. In most shelled eggs, it holds nutritive yolk; in humans, part of the yolk sac becomes a site of blood cell formation and some cells give ride to forerunners of gametes.

138
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

A

Hormone that stimulates release of corticotropin; secreted by the hypothalamus and, during pregnancy, by the placenta

139
Q

Leydig cells

A

Testosterone-secreting cells that lie between the seminiferous tubules of the testes

140
Q

Fetus

A

Developing human from the ninth week until birth

141
Q

menstruation

A

Sloughing of a blood-enriched endometrium when pregnancy does not occur.

142
Q

gonad

A

Primary reproductive organ in which animal gametes are produced.

143
Q

zona pellucida

A

Glycoprotein-rich layer that covers the secondary oocyte

144
Q

cervix

A

The lower part of the uterus that connects it with the vagina

145
Q

oxytocin

A

A hypothalamic hormone that is stored in the posterior ptuitary and stimulates uterine contraction and milk production

146
Q

placenta

A

Blood-engorged organ composed of some endometrial tissue and extraembryonic membranes in pregnant female placental mammals. Allows exchanges between the mother and fetus without an intermingling of their bloodstreams, thus sustaining the new individual and allowing its blood vessels to develop apart from the mother’s

147
Q

abortion

A

Premature, spontaneous or induced expulsion of the embryo or fetus from uterus. Spontaneous abortion also called miscarriage

148
Q

estrogen

A

Female sex hormone that helps oocytes mature. Induces changes in the uterine lining during menstrual cycle and pregnancy, helps maintain secondary sexual traits, and influences growth and development. During the menstrual cycle, concentration peaks just before ovulation

149
Q

somite

A

One of many paired segments in a vertebrate embryo that give rise to most bones, skeletal muscles of head and trunk, and dermis.

150
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

An anterior ptuitary hormone that stimulates ovulation, luteinization, and secretion of estrogen in females and stimulates testosterone secretion in males.

151
Q

urethra

A

Tube that conducts urine from the urinary bladder to an opening at body surface and, in males, carries sperm from the ejaculatory duct to the body surface.

152
Q

puberty

A

Period during which reproductive organs and structures start maturing.

Biology (6 decks)

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