Chapters 30 and 31: Plant Nutrition, Transport, and Reproduction

Question 1

Transpiration

Answer 1

Evaporative water loss from a plant’s aboveground parts, leaves especially

Question 2

Cohesion-tension theory

Answer 2

Theory that the collective cohesive strength of their hydrogen bonds allows water molecules to be pulled up through a plant’s xylem in response to transpiration from leaves

Question 3

Phloem

Answer 3

Plant vascular tissue that conducts sugars and other solutes. Includes living cells (sieve tubes) that interconnect to form conducting tubes and adjoining companion cells that assist in loading solutes into the tubes.

Question 4

Sieve-tube member

Answer 4

One of the cells that join together as phloem’s sugar-conducting tubes

Question 5

Xylem

Answer 5

Tissue with pipelines that conduct water and solutes through vascular plants. Its pipelines are interconnecting walls of vessel members and tracheids, cells that are dead at maturity.

Question 6

Exodermis

Answer 6

Cylindrical sheet of cells just inside the root epidermis of moist flowering plants; helps control uptake of water and solutes

Question 7

Root nodule

Answer 7

Localized swelling on a root of certain legumes and other plants. Develops when nitrogen-fixing bacteria infect the plant, multiply, and interact symbiotically with it.

Question 8

Tracheid

Answer 8

An elongated, tapering xylem cell without open end walls

Question 9

Sieve tube

Answer 9

Conducting tube of phloem; consists of living cells

Question 10

Root hairs

Answer 10

Threadlike extensions of specialized epidermal cells in the root; greatly increase the surface area available for absorption

Question 11

Cutin

Answer 11

Insoluble lipid polymer that is largely impenetrable to water and gases; a component of plant cuticle

Question 12

Cuticle

Answer 12

Of plants, a transparent cover of waves and cutin on outer epidermal cell walls

Question 13

Mycorrhiza

Answer 13

A form of mutualism between fungal hyphae and young plant roots. The plant gives up some carbohydrates and the fungus gives up some of its absorbed mineral ions.

Question 14

Carnivorous plant

Answer 14

Plant that supplements its nutrient intake by extracellular digestion and absorption

Question 15

Osmosis

Answer 15

Diffusion of water in response to water concentration gradient between two regions separated by a selectively permeable membrane. The greater the number of molecules and ions dissolved in a solution, the lower its water concentration

Question 16

Endodermis

Answer 16

Sheetlike wrapping of single cells around root vascular cylinder that helps control uptake of water and dissolved nutrients

Question 17

Turgor pressure

Answer 17

Internal fluid pressure applied to a cell wall when water moves into the cell by osmosis

Question 18

Casparian strip

Answer 18

Narrow, waxy, impermeable band between walls of abutting cells making up root endodermis (and exodermis, if present)

Question 19

Vessel member

Answer 19

Type of cell in xylem; dead at maturity, but its wall becomes part of a water conducting pipeline (a vessel)

Question 20

Humus

Answer 20

Decomposing organic matter in soul

Question 21

CAM plant

Answer 21

Type of plant that conserves water by opening stomata only at night, when it fixes carbon dioxide by means of a C4 pathway

Question 22

Soil

Answer 22

Mixture of mineral particles of variable sizes and decomposing organic material; air and water occupy spaces between the particles

Question 23

Loam

Answer 23

Soil having approximately equal proportions of sand, silt, and clay

Question 24

Leeching

Answer 24

Removal of some nutrients from soil as water percolates through it

Question 25

Macronutrient

Answer 25

Elements required in amounts above 0.5 percent of a plant's dry weight

Question 26

Erosion

Answer 26

Movement of land under the force of wind, running water, and ice

Question 27

Guard cell

Answer 27

Either of two adjoining cells that influence movement of carbon dioxode, oxygen, and water vapor across leaf or stem epidermis. When both swell with water and move apart, an opening (stoma) forms; when they lose water and collapse into each other, the stoma closes

Question 28

Translocation

Answer 28

A process by which organic compounds are distributed throughout the phloem

Question 29

Nutrient

Answer 29

Element with a direct or indirect role in metabolism that no other element fills

Question 30

Pressure flow theory

Answer 30

Explanation of how organic compounds move through the phloem of vascular plants. The compounds follow solute concentration gradients and pressure gradients between sources (e.g., photosynthetically active leaves where they form) and sinks (e.g., growing plants where they are being used or stored)

Question 31

Photoautotroph

Answer 31

Photosynthetic autotrophs; any organism that synthesizes its own organic compounds using carbon dioxide as the carbon source and sunlight as the energy source

Question 32

Companion cell

Answer 32

Specialized living parenchyma cell that assists in loading organic compounds into adjacent conducting cells of phloem

Question 33

Topsoil

Answer 33

The uppermost part of the soil; the A horizon

Question 34

Stoma

Answer 34

One of many gaps between two guard cells in leaf and stem epidermis. Opens and closes to control inward movement of carbon dioxide and outward movement of water vapor and oxygen, depending on whether conditions in the environment call for water conservation

Question 35

Source region

Answer 35

Region of a plant where photosynthetic cells are making organic compounds

Question 36

Plant physiology

Answer 36

The study of adaptations by which plants function in their environment

Question 37

Mutualism

Answer 37

Symbiotic interaction of direct benefit to both participants

Question 38

Sink region

Answer 38

Region of a plant where cells are storing or using food (e.g. Roots)

Question 39

Nitrogen fixation

Answer 39

Process by which only some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen to ammonia. This swiftly dissolves in their cytoplasm to form ammonium, which is used in biosynthesis

Question 40

Vascular cylinder

Answer 40

Arrangement of vascular tissues as a central cylinder in roots

Question 41

Pollen grain

Answer 41

Immature or mature sperm-bearing male gametophyte of gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 42

Stigma

Answer 42

The receptive portion of the style to which pollen adheres

Question 43

Double fertilization

Answer 43

Of flowering plants only, fusion of a sperm nucleus with an egg nucleus (a zygote forms), plus fusion of another sperm nucleus with nuclei of endosperm mother cell, which gives rise to a nutritive tissue

Question 44

Parthenogenesis

Answer 44

An unfertilized egg giving rise to an embryo

Question 45

Sporophyte

Answer 45

Vegetative body that grows by way of mitotic cell divisions from a plant zygote and that produces spore-bearing structures

Question 46

Endosperm

Answer 46

Nutritive tissue that surrounds an embryo sporophyte inside the seed of a flowering plant

Question 47

Vegetative growth

Answer 47

A variety of mechanisms of asexual reproduction

Question 48

Ovary

Answer 48

In flowering plants, the enlarged base of one or more carpels

Question 49

Coevolution

Answer 49

Joint evolution of closely interacting species. When one evolves, the change affects selection pressures operating between the two, thus the other also evolves

Question 50

Cotyledon

Answer 50

Seed leaf. One or two form as part of a monocot or dicot embryo; nourish seedling through germination and early growth

Question 51

Pollinator

Answer 51

Organism that transfers pollen from a stamen to a receptive stigma

Question 52

Asexual reproduction

Answer 52

Any of a number of modes of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent and inherit the genes of that parent only

Question 53

Style

Answer 53

Slender column of tissue that arises from the top of the ovary and through which the pollen tube grows

Question 54

Flower

Answer 54

Of angiosperms only; a reproductive structure with nonfertile parts (sepals, petals) and fertile parts (stamens, carpels), attached to a receptacle (modified base of a floral shoot)

Question 55

Pollen sac

Answer 55

Chamber inside the anther in which pollen grains develop

Question 56

Carpel

Answer 56

A flower's female reproductive part; included stigma, style, and ovary

Question 57

Pollination

Answer 57

Arrival of a pollen grain on the stigma of a carpel

Question 58

Gametophyte

Answer 58

Haploid, multicelled, gamete-producing body that forms during plant life cycles

Question 59

Tissue culture propagation

Answer 59

A new plant is artificially induced to arise from a parent plant cell that has not become irreversibly differentiated

Question 60

Pericarp

Answer 60

Fruit wall that develops from ovary wall

Question 61

Stamen

Answer 61

Male reproductive structure in a flower, usually a pollen-bearing structure (anther) on a single stalk (filaments)

Question 62

Pollen tube

Answer 62

Sperm-carrying tube that grows from a germinated pollen grain, through carpel tissue, to the egg inside an ovule

Question 63

Megaspore

Answer 63

Haploid spore that forms by way of meiosis in ovary of seed-bearing plants; one of its cellular descendants develops into an egg

Question 64

Seed

Answer 64

Mature ovule with an embryo sporophyte inside and integuments that form a seed coat

Question 65

Integument

Answer 65

Of seed-bearing plants, one or more layers around an ovule that will become a seed coat

Question 66

Embryo

Answer 66

Of plants, a young sporophyte, from the time of the first cell divisions after fertilization until germination

Question 67

Zygote

Answer 67

First cell of a new individual, formed by fusion of a sperm nucleus with an egg nucleus at fertilization; a fertilized egg

Question 68

Sepal

Answer 68

Outermost flower structure that usually encloses other flower parts in the bud

Question 69

Microspore

Answer 69

Walled haploid spore; becomes a pollen grain in gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 70

Vegetative propagation

Answer 70

Development of a new plant from tissue or a structure (such as a leaf) that drops from the parent or is separated from it

Question 71

Ovule

Answer 71

Tissue mass in a plant ovary that develops into a seed. Consists of a female gametophyte with an egg cell, nutrient-rich tissue, and in integument that will become a seed coat

Question 72

Fruit

Answer 72

Flowering plant's mature ovary, often with accessory structures

Question 73

Anther

Answer 73

Part of a stamen; pollen forms on it and disperses from it