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Biology > Chapters 30 and 31: Plant Nutrition, Transport, and Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapters 30 and 31: Plant Nutrition, Transport, and Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporative water loss from a plant’s aboveground parts, leaves especially

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2
Q

Cohesion-tension theory

A

Theory that the collective cohesive strength of their hydrogen bonds allows water molecules to be pulled up through a plant’s xylem in response to transpiration from leaves

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3
Q

Phloem

A

Plant vascular tissue that conducts sugars and other solutes. Includes living cells (sieve tubes) that interconnect to form conducting tubes and adjoining companion cells that assist in loading solutes into the tubes.

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4
Q

Sieve-tube member

A

One of the cells that join together as phloem’s sugar-conducting tubes

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5
Q

Xylem

A

Tissue with pipelines that conduct water and solutes through vascular plants. Its pipelines are interconnecting walls of vessel members and tracheids, cells that are dead at maturity.

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6
Q

Exodermis

A

Cylindrical sheet of cells just inside the root epidermis of moist flowering plants; helps control uptake of water and solutes

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7
Q

Root nodule

A

Localized swelling on a root of certain legumes and other plants. Develops when nitrogen-fixing bacteria infect the plant, multiply, and interact symbiotically with it.

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8
Q

Tracheid

A

An elongated, tapering xylem cell without open end walls

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9
Q

Sieve tube

A

Conducting tube of phloem; consists of living cells

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10
Q

Root hairs

A

Threadlike extensions of specialized epidermal cells in the root; greatly increase the surface area available for absorption

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11
Q

Cutin

A

Insoluble lipid polymer that is largely impenetrable to water and gases; a component of plant cuticle

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12
Q

Cuticle

A

Of plants, a transparent cover of waves and cutin on outer epidermal cell walls

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13
Q

Mycorrhiza

A

A form of mutualism between fungal hyphae and young plant roots. The plant gives up some carbohydrates and the fungus gives up some of its absorbed mineral ions.

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14
Q

Carnivorous plant

A

Plant that supplements its nutrient intake by extracellular digestion and absorption

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15
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water in response to water concentration gradient between two regions separated by a selectively permeable membrane. The greater the number of molecules and ions dissolved in a solution, the lower its water concentration

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16
Q

Endodermis

A

Sheetlike wrapping of single cells around root vascular cylinder that helps control uptake of water and dissolved nutrients

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17
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Internal fluid pressure applied to a cell wall when water moves into the cell by osmosis

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18
Q

Casparian strip

A

Narrow, waxy, impermeable band between walls of abutting cells making up root endodermis (and exodermis, if present)

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19
Q

Vessel member

A

Type of cell in xylem; dead at maturity, but its wall becomes part of a water conducting pipeline (a vessel)

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20
Q

Humus

A

Decomposing organic matter in soul

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21
Q

CAM plant

A

Type of plant that conserves water by opening stomata only at night, when it fixes carbon dioxide by means of a C4 pathway

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22
Q

Soil

A

Mixture of mineral particles of variable sizes and decomposing organic material; air and water occupy spaces between the particles

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23
Q

Loam

A

Soil having approximately equal proportions of sand, silt, and clay

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24
Q

Leeching

A

Removal of some nutrients from soil as water percolates through it

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25
Q

Macronutrient

A

Elements required in amounts above 0.5 percent of a plant’s dry weight

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26
Q

Erosion

A

Movement of land under the force of wind, running water, and ice

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27
Q

Guard cell

A

Either of two adjoining cells that influence movement of carbon dioxode, oxygen, and water vapor across leaf or stem epidermis. When both swell with water and move apart, an opening (stoma) forms; when they lose water and collapse into each other, the stoma closes

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28
Q

Translocation

A

A process by which organic compounds are distributed throughout the phloem

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29
Q

Nutrient

A

Element with a direct or indirect role in metabolism that no other element fills

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30
Q

Pressure flow theory

A

Explanation of how organic compounds move through the phloem of vascular plants. The compounds follow solute concentration gradients and pressure gradients between sources (e.g., photosynthetically active leaves where they form) and sinks (e.g., growing plants where they are being used or stored)

31
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Photosynthetic autotrophs; any organism that synthesizes its own organic compounds using carbon dioxide as the carbon source and sunlight as the energy source

32
Q

Companion cell

A

Specialized living parenchyma cell that assists in loading organic compounds into adjacent conducting cells of phloem

33
Q

Topsoil

A

The uppermost part of the soil; the A horizon

34
Q

Stoma

A

One of many gaps between two guard cells in leaf and stem epidermis. Opens and closes to control inward movement of carbon dioxide and outward movement of water vapor and oxygen, depending on whether conditions in the environment call for water conservation

35
Q

Source region

A

Region of a plant where photosynthetic cells are making organic compounds

36
Q

Plant physiology

A

The study of adaptations by which plants function in their environment

37
Q

Mutualism

A

Symbiotic interaction of direct benefit to both participants

38
Q

Sink region

A

Region of a plant where cells are storing or using food (e.g. Roots)

39
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Process by which only some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen to ammonia. This swiftly dissolves in their cytoplasm to form ammonium, which is used in biosynthesis

40
Q

Vascular cylinder

A

Arrangement of vascular tissues as a central cylinder in roots

41
Q

Pollen grain

A

Immature or mature sperm-bearing male gametophyte of gymnosperms and angiosperms

42
Q

Stigma

A

The receptive portion of the style to which pollen adheres

43
Q

Double fertilization

A

Of flowering plants only, fusion of a sperm nucleus with an egg nucleus (a zygote forms), plus fusion of another sperm nucleus with nuclei of endosperm mother cell, which gives rise to a nutritive tissue

44
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

An unfertilized egg giving rise to an embryo

45
Q

Sporophyte

A

Vegetative body that grows by way of mitotic cell divisions from a plant zygote and that produces spore-bearing structures

46
Q

Endosperm

A

Nutritive tissue that surrounds an embryo sporophyte inside the seed of a flowering plant

47
Q

Vegetative growth

A

A variety of mechanisms of asexual reproduction

48
Q

Ovary

A

In flowering plants, the enlarged base of one or more carpels

49
Q

Coevolution

A

Joint evolution of closely interacting species. When one evolves, the change affects selection pressures operating between the two, thus the other also evolves

50
Q

Cotyledon

A

Seed leaf. One or two form as part of a monocot or dicot embryo; nourish seedling through germination and early growth

51
Q

Pollinator

A

Organism that transfers pollen from a stamen to a receptive stigma

52
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Any of a number of modes of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent and inherit the genes of that parent only

53
Q

Style

A

Slender column of tissue that arises from the top of the ovary and through which the pollen tube grows

54
Q

Flower

A

Of angiosperms only; a reproductive structure with nonfertile parts (sepals, petals) and fertile parts (stamens, carpels), attached to a receptacle (modified base of a floral shoot)

55
Q

Pollen sac

A

Chamber inside the anther in which pollen grains develop

56
Q

Carpel

A

A flower’s female reproductive part; included stigma, style, and ovary

57
Q

Pollination

A

Arrival of a pollen grain on the stigma of a carpel

58
Q

Gametophyte

A

Haploid, multicelled, gamete-producing body that forms during plant life cycles

59
Q

Tissue culture propagation

A

A new plant is artificially induced to arise from a parent plant cell that has not become irreversibly differentiated

60
Q

Pericarp

A

Fruit wall that develops from ovary wall

61
Q

Stamen

A

Male reproductive structure in a flower, usually a pollen-bearing structure (anther) on a single stalk (filaments)

62
Q

Pollen tube

A

Sperm-carrying tube that grows from a germinated pollen grain, through carpel tissue, to the egg inside an ovule

63
Q

Megaspore

A

Haploid spore that forms by way of meiosis in ovary of seed-bearing plants; one of its cellular descendants develops into an egg

64
Q

Seed

A

Mature ovule with an embryo sporophyte inside and integuments that form a seed coat

65
Q

Integument

A

Of seed-bearing plants, one or more layers around an ovule that will become a seed coat

66
Q

Embryo

A

Of plants, a young sporophyte, from the time of the first cell divisions after fertilization until germination

67
Q

Zygote

A

First cell of a new individual, formed by fusion of a sperm nucleus with an egg nucleus at fertilization; a fertilized egg

68
Q

Sepal

A

Outermost flower structure that usually encloses other flower parts in the bud

69
Q

Microspore

A

Walled haploid spore; becomes a pollen grain in gymnosperms and angiosperms

70
Q

Vegetative propagation

A

Development of a new plant from tissue or a structure (such as a leaf) that drops from the parent or is separated from it

71
Q

Ovule

A

Tissue mass in a plant ovary that develops into a seed. Consists of a female gametophyte with an egg cell, nutrient-rich tissue, and in integument that will become a seed coat

72
Q

Fruit

A

Flowering plant’s mature ovary, often with accessory structures

73
Q

Anther

A

Part of a stamen; pollen forms on it and disperses from it

Biology (6 decks)

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