Chapters 41 & 42: Respiration, Digestion and Human Nutrition

Question 1

bronchiole

Answer 1

Finely branched airway; part of the bronchial tree inside the lung.

Question 2

carbamino hemoglobin

Answer 2

Hemoglobin that has carbon dioxide bound to it.

Question 3

hemoglobin

Answer 3

Iron-containing, oxygen-transporting protein of red blood cells.

Question 4

respiration

Answer 4

Exchange of environmental oxygen with carbon dioxide from cells (e.g., through integumentary exchange or a respiratory system)

Question 5

oxyhemoglobin

Answer 5

Hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it.

Question 6

larynx

Answer 6

Tubular airway to and from lungs. Contains vocal cords in some animals.

Question 7

epithelium

Answer 7

Tissue that covers an animal’s external surfaces and lines its internal cavities and tubes. It has one free surface and one resting on a basement membrane.

Question 8

carbonic anhydrase

Answer 8

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid.

Question 9

alveolus

Answer 9

Cupped, thin-walled outpouching of respiratory bronchiole where oxygen diffuses from lungs into blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to lungs.

Question 10

tidal volume

Answer 10

Volume of air flowing into and out of the lungs in the respiratory cycle.

Question 11

partial pressure

Answer 11

The contribution of a particular gas to total atmospheric pressure.

Question 12

external intercostal muscles

Answer 12

Muscles whose contraction elevated the ribs (enlarging the thoracic cavity) during respiration.

Question 13

vital capacity

Answer 13

Volume of air that can move out of the lungs in one breath after maximum inhalation.

Question 14

intercostal muscles

Answer 14

Muscles that lie between the ribs.

Question 15

gill

Answer 15

Organ of respiration. Most have a thin, moist, vascularized surface for gas exchange.

Question 16

integumentary exchange

Answer 16

Respiration across a thin, moist, and often vascularized surface layer of an animal body.

Question 17

epiglottis

Answer 17

Flaplike structure between pharynx and larynx; its controlled positional changes direct air into trachea or food into esophagus.

Question 18

heme groups

Answer 18

Iron-containing group that gives hemoglobin its oxygen-binding capacity.

Question 19

lung

Answer 19

Internal sac-shaped respiratory surface that evolved in oxygen-poor habitats as an adaptation that increases the surface area for gas exchange. A pair occur in a few fishes and in amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals.

Question 20

respiratory systems

Answer 20

organ system that functions in the exchange of gases between the body and the environment.

Question 21

trachea

Answer 21

An air-conducting tube of respiratory systems. Of land vertebrates, the windpipe, which carries air between the larynx and bronchi.

Question 22

erythropoietin

Answer 22

A hormone released by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow.

Question 23

respiratory surface

Answer 23

Thin, moist epithelium that functions in gas exchange in animals.

Question 24

respiratory cycle

Answer 24

One inhalation and exhalation.

Question 25

emphysema

Answer 25

Respiratory disease characterized by the distended and inelastic alveolar walls.

Question 26

glottis

Answer 26

Gap between the vocal cords.

Question 27

intrapleural pressure

Answer 27

Pressure in the pleural sac (within the thoracic cavity but outside the lungs).

Question 28

tracheal respiration

Answer 28

Of some invertebrates (e.g., insects), respiration by way of finely branching tracheae that start at openings in the integument and dead-end in body tissues.

Question 29

countercurrent flow

Answer 29

The movement of two fluids in opposing directions; movement of water across gills in the opposite direction of movement of blood through gill filaments is one example.

Question 30

bronchus

Answer 30

Tubelike airway that branches from trachea and leads into lungs.

Question 31

pharynx

Answer 31

The throat, a dual entrance to the esophagus and trachea.

Question 32

pressure gradient

Answer 32

Concentration gradient of a gas.

Question 33

Fick’s law

Answer 33

The more extensive the surface area and the larger the partial pressure gradient, the faster will be the diffusion rate across a respiratory surface.

Question 34

aeorobic respiration

Answer 34

Main ATP-forming pathway; proceeds from glycolysis through Krebs cycle and then electron transport phosphorylation. The final electron acceptor is oxygen. Carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct.

Question 35

diaphragm

Answer 35

Muscular partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities with role in breathing.

Question 36

vocal cord

Answer 36

Of certain animals, one of the thickened, muscular folds of the larynx that help produce sound waves for vocalization.