Chapters 40-43 Problem sets

Question 1

A(n) _____________ is an animal that has a relatively variable body temperature, whereas a(n) ___________ is an animal that maintains a relatively stable body temperature.
endotherm; ectotherm
ectotherm; endotherm
homeotherm; poikilotherm
poikilotherm; homeotherm
ectotherm; poikilotherm

Answer 1

poikilotherm; homeotherm

Question 2

Most types of communication between cells rely on:
the exchange of cytosol between the cells
the movement of the cells
chemical or electrical signals
the exchange of DNA between the cells
shortening of muscle cells

Answer 2

chemical or electrical signals

Question 3

The four major types of tissues are:
muscle, nervous, skeletal, connective
epithelial, skeletal, connective, reticular
connective, skeletal, epithelial, nervous
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
blood, bone, nervous, epithelial

Answer 3

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 4

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is:
simple squamous epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 4

simple squamous epithelium

Question 5

Which of the following statements comparing the endocrine system (ES) and nervous system (NS) signaling is true?
Hormones are fast acting, but effects often short-acting.
In ES signaling, all body cells can respond to the circulating hormone.
Nerve impulses can be received by all cell types within the body.
The NS transmits a signal to a target cell via a specific pathway.
ES transmission is very fast compared to NS transmission.

Answer 5

The NS transmits a signal to a target cell via a specific pathway.

Question 6

If blood glucose levels were to fall below 90 mg/100 ml you would expect levels of the hormone ________________ to increase and that of ________________ to fall.
glucagon, insulin
testosterone, estradiol
insulin, glucagon
ADH, prolactin
acetylcholine, norepinephrine

Answer 6

glucagon, insulin

Question 7

How do the digestion and absorption of fat differ from the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates?
Processing of fats does not require any digestive secretions; processing of carbohydrates does.
Fat absorption occurs in the stomach; carbohydrates are absorbed by the small intestine.
Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system; carbohydrates directly enter the blood.
Carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested; fats do not.
Fat must be worked on by bacteria in the large intestine before it can be absorbed; carbohydrates do not.

Answer 7

Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system; carbohydrates directly enter the blood.

Question 8

Vitamins are classified based on:
whether they affect carbohydrate or proteins.
how much of them is required.
the amount of energy they contain.
whether they are water soluble or fat soluble.

Answer 8

whether they are water soluble or fat soluble.

Question 9

Fluid is forced out of systemic capillaries at the arteriolar end because:
The blood pressure is less than that of the interstitial fluid.
The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood.
The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the blood pressure.
The osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid.
The blood pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Answer 9

The blood pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Question 10

These autorhythmic cells located in the wall of the right atrium control the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atroventrical (AV) node
Semilunar (SL) node
Purkinje fibers
Bundle branches

Answer 10

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 11

All gases exchanged between air and blood in mammals occurs across the walls of the:
trachea
bronchi
alveoli
bronchioles
epiglottis

Answer 11

alveoli

Question 12

During exhalation in humans, air moves from the bronchus into the:
bronchioles
alveoli
nostrils
pharynx
trachea

Answer 12

trachea

Question 13

During inhalation:
diaphragm and rib muscles relax.
diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
the diaphragm contracts and the rib muscles relax.
the diaphragm relaxes and rib muscles contract.
the diaphragm and rib muscles remain stationary.

Answer 13

diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

Question 14

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
solubility in water
the partial pressure gradient
the temperature
the molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
all of the above

Answer 14

the partial pressure gradient

Question 15

Circulatory systems compensate for:
temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue.
the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances.
the need to cushion animals from trauma.
all of the above.

Answer 15

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances.

Question 16

Which of the following statements concerning an open circulatory system is true?
A heart is not required to pump the circulatory fluid.
An open circulatory system has higher pressure and is less energy efficient than a closed system.
The circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid.
The circulatory fluid does not require respiratory pigments for O2 transport.
The lower pressures provide for more effective delivery of O2 than is possible with a closed system.

Answer 16

The circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid.

Question 17

For a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your right toe to eventually travel out of your nose, it must pass through all of the following structures except the:
pulmonary vein
alveolus
trachea
right ventricle
right atrium

Answer 17

pulmonary vein

Question 18

All of the following are part of our antigen-specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immune response) except:
acute inflammation
lymphocytes
antibody production

Answer 18

acute inflammation

Question 19

Which of the following kills invading microbes?
lysozymes
stomach acid
intestinal enzymes
all of the above
none of the above

Answer 19

all of the above

Question 20

Allergies are the result of an exaggerated immune response. What triggers this response?
allergens
antidotes
antibodies
antihistamines
helper T cells

Answer 20

allergens

Question 21

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?
multiple sclerosis
rheumatoid arthritis
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
systemic lupus erythematosus
all of the above are autoimmune diseases

Answer 21

all of the above are autoimmune diseases

Question 22

Which of the following is not a property of the adaptive immune system?
receptor diversity
lack of reactivity against host cells
immunological memory
very specific response to pathogens
rapid rate of response compared to the innate immune system

Answer 22

rapid rate of response compared to the innate immune system

Question 23

The immune system releases molecules of _______ that cause the redness, heat, and swelling of the inflammatory response (as well as the itching, sneezing, and runny nose of an allergic reaction).
histamine
antibody
adrenaline
antigen
allergen

Answer 23

histamine

Question 24

The term _______ disease refers to any disorder in which an immune system response to antigens is defective or absent.
self-directed
autoimmune
malignant
immunodeficiency
immunorejection

Answer 24

immunodeficiency

Question 25

Which of the following is not a part of the innate immune system of vertebrates?
fever
the skin
inflammation
B cells
interferon

Answer 25

B cells

Question 26

When a B cell encounters an antigen to which it is targeted, it divides rapidly and produces:
more antigen
plasma cells
T cells
Killer cells
Interferons

Answer 26

plasma cells

Question 27

The inflammatory response includes all of the following except:
release of histamine by mast cells
temperature increase
increased blood flow
phagocytosis
blood vessel constriction

Answer 27

blood vessel constriction