Chapter 41: animal nutrition

Question 1

Suspension feeder

Answer 1

Organism which allows food to just flow in and separates water from food

Question 2

Substrate feeder

Answer 2

Lives in its food

Question 3

Fluid feeder

Answer 3

Animal that lives off of fluids

Question 4

Bulk feeder

Answer 4

Eats relatively large pieces of food

Question 5

Pepsinogen

Answer 5

Inactive form of pepsin

Question 6

Pepsin

Answer 6

Acts with hydrochloric acid to create digestive juices

Question 7

Chyme

Answer 7

Broken down mixed food

Question 8

Chylomicron

Answer 8

Chyme that has been mixed with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins to become water soluble

Question 9

What are the four classes of essential nutrients?

Answer 9

Amino acids: Complete proteins, meats egg cheese, plants are incomplete
Fatty acids: Produced by the body itself, rare to have deficiency
Minerals: Inorganic material that is needed in small amounts
Vitamins: 13 types, water or fat soluble, acquired from food

Question 10

Why do individuals who eat only plant proteins need to eat specific plant combinations?

Answer 10

Because plants are considered incomplete proteins, so they need a wider variety to have all their amino acids

Question 11

How are undernourishment and malnourishment different?

Answer 11

Undernourishment: Not eating enough food
Malnourishment: Eating enough, but not enough of each essential nutrient

Question 12

What are the main stages of food processing?

Answer 12

Ingestion: Taking food into body
Digestion: Breaking down food
Absorption: Taking nutrients into body
Elimination: Getting rid of food waste

Question 13

Contrast intracellular and extracellular digestion

Answer 13

Intracellular: digestion occurs inside cell
Extracellular: Digestion happens outside cell and is then taken in

Question 14

Oral cavity

Answer 14

Breaks down food into smaller bits and covers it in saliva

Question 15

Stomach

Answer 15

Stores and breaks down food

Question 16

Small intestine

Answer 16

Large surface area to absorb the most food

Question 17

Large intestine

Answer 17

Gets rid of food waste

Question 18

What is the function of a sphincter and where are they found?

Answer 18

Stomach, keep food from moving too fast through the alimentary canal

Question 19

Describe the digestive process that takes place in the stomach

Answer 19

Creates digestive juices which break down food, also creates a mulcous layer to protect itself from those juices

Question 20

What are chief cells? What are parietal cells?

Answer 20

Parietal cells: Create hydrogen and chlorine ions
Chief cells: Create pepsinogen

Question 21

What protects the stomach lining against self-digestion?

Answer 21

Mucus

Question 22

What is an ulcer and how is it caused?

Answer 22

A damaged part of the stomach, usually caused by a bacteria

Question 23

The duodenum is considered a major transition in the digestive tract; why?

Answer 23

Because it transitions from the stomach to the small intestines

Question 24

What are the major exocrine secretions of the pancreas and what are their roles in digestion?

Answer 24

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin, break down proteins in food

Question 25

What role does the gallbladder play in digestion?

Answer 25

Stores bile that is later added into the small intestine

Question 26

The surface area for a cylinder the size of the small intestine (six meters in length with a diameter of ~3.0 cm) is ~ 0.6 m2, yet the small intestine has an actual surface area of ~300 m2. How is this possible?

Answer 26

Because there are many grooves in the small intestine which increase its overall surface area

Question 27

What two major functions are served by having nutrient-rich blood enter the liver via the hepatic portal vein rather than return directly to the heart from the veins exiting the villi of the small intestine?

Answer 27

Allows the liver to 1. Process the food, and 2. Get rid of any toxins in the food

Question 28

What is the role of the lymphatic system in fat absorption?

Answer 28

It takes in all fats before releasing them into the body

Question 29

What are the components of the large intestine?

Answer 29

Colon, Cecum, and Rectum

Question 30

What is the major function of the colon?

Answer 30

Removes water from waste, allowing to be solid

Question 31

What are the roles of gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin in controlling digestion?

Answer 31

Gastrin: Causes release of gastric juices Cholecystokinin: Tells the pancreas to release digestive enzymes Secretin: Promotes release of bicarbonate CCK and secretin slow down peristalsis

Question 32

How do insulin and glucagon function to maintain glucose homeostasis?

Answer 32

Because they regulate the synthesis and breakdown of glycogen, which regulates blood sugar levels, basically stored up sugar, so insulin and glycogen make the sugar get broken down, or stored more