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Bio 109 quiz 4 > Chapter 40: basic form and function > Flashcards

Chapter 40: basic form and function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Surrounds the body’s cells, delivers nutrients and oxygen, also gets rid of them

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2
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells which work together for one purpose

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3
Q

Organ

A

Several different tissues together with one main purpose, can do several things

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4
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs which work together to fulfill one main function such as keeping you fed or safe from disease

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5
Q

Regulator

A

An organism which changes some metric in response to a stimuli

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5
Q

Conformer

A

Does not change a metric when its environment changes

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body seeking to keep itself at an ideal range for a specific thing

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7
Q

Set point

A

The range at which a certain metric wants to stay

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8
Q

Sensor

A

Senses some type of signal

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9
Q

Acclimatization

A

Your body gets used to a change in a certain metric
Ex: Change in temperatures over seasons

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10
Q

Poikilotherm

A

An animal who changes their body temperature throughout their year

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11
Q

Homeotherm

A

An animal that stays at around the same temperature throughout the year

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12
Q

Metabolic rate

A

How much energy an animal uses during a period of time

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13
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

Metabolic rate for endotherms, takes into account effort used to maintain stable body temperature and eating

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14
Q

Standard metabolic rate

A

Metabolic rate for ectotherms, also takes into account temperature at time of testing

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15
Q

Torpor

A

A dormant state for animals to cut their metabolic needs

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16
Q

What is the relationship between the rate of exchange and the amount of material that
must be exchanged to sustain life?

A

Higher rates of exchange mean a larger need of exchange to support life

17
Q

What are two common body designs that maximize exposure of an animal’s cells to the surrounding medium?

A

Sac body plan, and a flat body

18
Q

What are the evolutionary adaptations that enable animals with more complex body designs to ensure sufficient exchange between each body cell and the environment?

A

Circulatory systems

19
Q

What are the four main types of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

20
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers outside of body and lines organs

21
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connects two separate things

22
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contracts to perform an action

23
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Transfers electrical signals

24
Q

What are the four shapes and arrangements of epithelial tissue

A

Shapes: Cuboidal, columnar, squamous
Arrangement: stratified, simple, pseudostratified

25
Q

What does the term polarization mean with respect to epithelial tissue?

A

Has an apical side (faces outside) and a basal surface (faces the inside/base of tissue)

26
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fiber?

A

Collagenous: Strength and flexibility
Elastic: Stretchy and snaps back to place
Reticular: Attaches connective tissue to other tissues

27
Q

What are the six major types of connective tissue?

A

Fibrous connective tissue: strong but not stretchy, tendon-like
Loose connective tissue: Very stretchy
Bone: Made of collagenous fibers
Cartilage: Strong and flexible
Adipose tissue: Fat
Blood cell

28
Q

What are the different types of muscle tissue

A

Smooth: lines places like our veins, involuntary, moves things along
Skeletal: Voluntary, contracts when we want to move
Cardiac: Muscles of the heart

29
Q

What are the two types of nervous tissue and what are their functions?

A

Neurons: Transmit nerve impulses
Glial cells: Help nourish and insulate neurons

30
Q

How does endocrine system signaling differ from that of the nervous system?

A

Endocrine: Hormones, takes a while to get signal but lasts for a while
Nervous system: Fast signals which don’t last for too long

30
Q

Be able to describe in detail a negative feedback loop and all its components.

A

A stimulus happens an the body has a response to it, a response in the opposite reaction, so cold causes shivering, because shivering causes the body to warm up

31
Q

How do negative feedback and positive feedback differ?

A

Negative: acts on a stimuli going the opposite reaction until homeostasis is reached
Positive: Acts on a stimuli doing the same thing the stimuli did, building progressively

32
Q

How does an endothermic animal differ from an ectothermic one?

A

Endothermic: Body temperatures is regulated, organisms creates its own heat
Ectothermic: Animal relies on outside surfaces to increase or lower body temperature

33
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of ectothermy and endothermy?

A

Ectotherms: Use less energy, rely on their environment to keep stable temperatures
Endotherms: Can create their own heat to keep a stable temperature, but uses significantly more temperature

34
Q

What are the four principal processes by which an organism can exchange heat with its environment?

A

Radiation: Feeling the temperature around an object
Evaporation: Sweating
Convection: Air and wind change body temp.
Conduction: Direct contact with an object

35
Q

What are five general adaptations that help animals thermoregulate?

A

Insulation: Fur and skin
Circulatory adaptations: Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Cooling by evaporative heat loss: Sweating
Behavioral responses: Moving in a certain way to maximize/minimize heat intake
Adjusting metabolic heat production: moving and shivering

36
Q

How do vasodilation and vasoconstriction facilitate thermoregulation?

A

Allow blood to flow closer to the skin, causing the loss of heat, or farther from skin, causing less heat loss

37
Q

What is countercurrent exchange?

A

Blood in the arteries loses heat, but veins gain that heat, ensuring no cold blood reaches the heart

38
Q

Describe how thermoregulation is controlled in humans.

A

the hypothalamus controls our processes of thermoregulation

Bio 109 quiz 4 (5 decks)

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