Chapter 40: basic form and function Flashcards
Interstitial fluid
Surrounds the body’s cells, delivers nutrients and oxygen, also gets rid of them
Tissue
A group of cells which work together for one purpose
Organ
Several different tissues together with one main purpose, can do several things
Organ system
A group of organs which work together to fulfill one main function such as keeping you fed or safe from disease
Regulator
An organism which changes some metric in response to a stimuli
Conformer
Does not change a metric when its environment changes
Homeostasis
The body seeking to keep itself at an ideal range for a specific thing
Set point
The range at which a certain metric wants to stay
Sensor
Senses some type of signal
Acclimatization
Your body gets used to a change in a certain metric
Ex: Change in temperatures over seasons
Poikilotherm
An animal who changes their body temperature throughout their year
Homeotherm
An animal that stays at around the same temperature throughout the year
Metabolic rate
How much energy an animal uses during a period of time
Basal metabolic rate
Metabolic rate for endotherms, takes into account effort used to maintain stable body temperature and eating
Standard metabolic rate
Metabolic rate for ectotherms, also takes into account temperature at time of testing
Torpor
A dormant state for animals to cut their metabolic needs
What is the relationship between the rate of exchange and the amount of material that
must be exchanged to sustain life?
Higher rates of exchange mean a larger need of exchange to support life
What are two common body designs that maximize exposure of an animal’s cells to the surrounding medium?
Sac body plan, and a flat body
What are the evolutionary adaptations that enable animals with more complex body designs to ensure sufficient exchange between each body cell and the environment?
Circulatory systems
What are the four main types of tissues
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Epithelial tissue
Covers outside of body and lines organs
Connective tissue
Connects two separate things
Muscle tissue
Contracts to perform an action
Nervous tissue
Transfers electrical signals
What are the four shapes and arrangements of epithelial tissue
Shapes: Cuboidal, columnar, squamous
Arrangement: stratified, simple, pseudostratified
What does the term polarization mean with respect to epithelial tissue?
Has an apical side (faces outside) and a basal surface (faces the inside/base of tissue)
What are the three types of connective tissue fiber?
Collagenous: Strength and flexibility
Elastic: Stretchy and snaps back to place
Reticular: Attaches connective tissue to other tissues
What are the six major types of connective tissue?
Fibrous connective tissue: strong but not stretchy, tendon-like
Loose connective tissue: Very stretchy
Bone: Made of collagenous fibers
Cartilage: Strong and flexible
Adipose tissue: Fat
Blood cell
What are the different types of muscle tissue
Smooth: lines places like our veins, involuntary, moves things along
Skeletal: Voluntary, contracts when we want to move
Cardiac: Muscles of the heart
What are the two types of nervous tissue and what are their functions?
Neurons: Transmit nerve impulses
Glial cells: Help nourish and insulate neurons
How does endocrine system signaling differ from that of the nervous system?
Endocrine: Hormones, takes a while to get signal but lasts for a while
Nervous system: Fast signals which don’t last for too long
Be able to describe in detail a negative feedback loop and all its components.
A stimulus happens an the body has a response to it, a response in the opposite reaction, so cold causes shivering, because shivering causes the body to warm up
How do negative feedback and positive feedback differ?
Negative: acts on a stimuli going the opposite reaction until homeostasis is reached
Positive: Acts on a stimuli doing the same thing the stimuli did, building progressively
How does an endothermic animal differ from an ectothermic one?
Endothermic: Body temperatures is regulated, organisms creates its own heat
Ectothermic: Animal relies on outside surfaces to increase or lower body temperature
What are the advantages and disadvantages of ectothermy and endothermy?
Ectotherms: Use less energy, rely on their environment to keep stable temperatures
Endotherms: Can create their own heat to keep a stable temperature, but uses significantly more temperature
What are the four principal processes by which an organism can exchange heat with its environment?
Radiation: Feeling the temperature around an object
Evaporation: Sweating
Convection: Air and wind change body temp.
Conduction: Direct contact with an object
What are five general adaptations that help animals thermoregulate?
Insulation: Fur and skin
Circulatory adaptations: Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Cooling by evaporative heat loss: Sweating
Behavioral responses: Moving in a certain way to maximize/minimize heat intake
Adjusting metabolic heat production: moving and shivering
How do vasodilation and vasoconstriction facilitate thermoregulation?
Allow blood to flow closer to the skin, causing the loss of heat, or farther from skin, causing less heat loss
What is countercurrent exchange?
Blood in the arteries loses heat, but veins gain that heat, ensuring no cold blood reaches the heart
Describe how thermoregulation is controlled in humans.
the hypothalamus controls our processes of thermoregulation
