Chapter 40: basic form and function

Question 1

Interstitial fluid

Answer 1

Surrounds the body’s cells, delivers nutrients and oxygen, also gets rid of them

Question 2

Tissue

Answer 2

A group of cells which work together for one purpose

Question 3

Organ

Answer 3

Several different tissues together with one main purpose, can do several things

Question 4

Organ system

Answer 4

A group of organs which work together to fulfill one main function such as keeping you fed or safe from disease

Question 5

Regulator

Answer 5

An organism which changes some metric in response to a stimuli

Question 5

Conformer

Answer 5

Does not change a metric when its environment changes

Question 6

Homeostasis

Answer 6

The body seeking to keep itself at an ideal range for a specific thing

Question 7

Set point

Answer 7

The range at which a certain metric wants to stay

Question 8

Sensor

Answer 8

Senses some type of signal

Question 9

Acclimatization

Answer 9

Your body gets used to a change in a certain metric
Ex: Change in temperatures over seasons

Question 10

Poikilotherm

Answer 10

An animal who changes their body temperature throughout their year

Question 11

Homeotherm

Answer 11

An animal that stays at around the same temperature throughout the year

Question 12

Metabolic rate

Answer 12

How much energy an animal uses during a period of time

Question 13

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 13

Metabolic rate for endotherms, takes into account effort used to maintain stable body temperature and eating

Question 14

Standard metabolic rate

Answer 14

Metabolic rate for ectotherms, also takes into account temperature at time of testing

Question 15

Torpor

Answer 15

A dormant state for animals to cut their metabolic needs

Question 16

What is the relationship between the rate of exchange and the amount of material that
must be exchanged to sustain life?

Answer 16

Higher rates of exchange mean a larger need of exchange to support life

Question 17

What are two common body designs that maximize exposure of an animal’s cells to the surrounding medium?

Answer 17

Sac body plan, and a flat body

Question 18

What are the evolutionary adaptations that enable animals with more complex body designs to ensure sufficient exchange between each body cell and the environment?

Answer 18

Circulatory systems

Question 19

What are the four main types of tissues

Answer 19

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 20

Epithelial tissue

Answer 20

Covers outside of body and lines organs

Question 21

Connective tissue

Answer 21

Connects two separate things

Question 22

Muscle tissue

Answer 22

Contracts to perform an action

Question 23

Nervous tissue

Answer 23

Transfers electrical signals

Question 24

What are the four shapes and arrangements of epithelial tissue

Answer 24

Shapes: Cuboidal, columnar, squamous Arrangement: stratified, simple, pseudostratified

Question 25

What does the term polarization mean with respect to epithelial tissue?

Answer 25

Has an apical side (faces outside) and a basal surface (faces the inside/base of tissue)

Question 26

What are the three types of connective tissue fiber?

Answer 26

Collagenous: Strength and flexibility Elastic: Stretchy and snaps back to place Reticular: Attaches connective tissue to other tissues

Question 27

What are the six major types of connective tissue?

Answer 27

Fibrous connective tissue: strong but not stretchy, tendon-like Loose connective tissue: Very stretchy Bone: Made of collagenous fibers Cartilage: Strong and flexible Adipose tissue: Fat Blood cell

Question 28

What are the different types of muscle tissue

Answer 28

Smooth: lines places like our veins, involuntary, moves things along Skeletal: Voluntary, contracts when we want to move Cardiac: Muscles of the heart

Question 29

What are the two types of nervous tissue and what are their functions?

Answer 29

Neurons: Transmit nerve impulses Glial cells: Help nourish and insulate neurons

Question 30

How does endocrine system signaling differ from that of the nervous system?

Answer 30

Endocrine: Hormones, takes a while to get signal but lasts for a while Nervous system: Fast signals which don't last for too long

Question 30

Be able to describe in detail a negative feedback loop and all its components.

Answer 30

A stimulus happens an the body has a response to it, a response in the opposite reaction, so cold causes shivering, because shivering causes the body to warm up

Question 31

How do negative feedback and positive feedback differ?

Answer 31

Negative: acts on a stimuli going the opposite reaction until homeostasis is reached Positive: Acts on a stimuli doing the same thing the stimuli did, building progressively

Question 32

How does an endothermic animal differ from an ectothermic one?

Answer 32

Endothermic: Body temperatures is regulated, organisms creates its own heat Ectothermic: Animal relies on outside surfaces to increase or lower body temperature

Question 33

What are the advantages and disadvantages of ectothermy and endothermy?

Answer 33

Ectotherms: Use less energy, rely on their environment to keep stable temperatures Endotherms: Can create their own heat to keep a stable temperature, but uses significantly more temperature

Question 34

What are the four principal processes by which an organism can exchange heat with its environment?

Answer 34

Radiation: Feeling the temperature around an object Evaporation: Sweating Convection: Air and wind change body temp. Conduction: Direct contact with an object

Question 35

What are five general adaptations that help animals thermoregulate?

Answer 35

Insulation: Fur and skin Circulatory adaptations: Vasoconstriction and vasodilation Cooling by evaporative heat loss: Sweating Behavioral responses: Moving in a certain way to maximize/minimize heat intake Adjusting metabolic heat production: moving and shivering

Question 36

How do vasodilation and vasoconstriction facilitate thermoregulation?

Answer 36

Allow blood to flow closer to the skin, causing the loss of heat, or farther from skin, causing less heat loss

Question 37

What is countercurrent exchange?

Answer 37

Blood in the arteries loses heat, but veins gain that heat, ensuring no cold blood reaches the heart

Question 38

Describe how thermoregulation is controlled in humans.

Answer 38

the hypothalamus controls our processes of thermoregulation