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Bio 109 quiz 4 > Chapter 42: Circulation and gas exchange > Flashcards

Chapter 42: Circulation and gas exchange Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Contraction and relaxation of the heart

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2
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

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3
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

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4
Q

Autorhythmic

A

Heart produces its own pulses

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5
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Specialized fibers which conduct signal from AV node

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6
Q

AV node

A

Node that takes in signal from pacemaker and holds it for .1 of a second

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7
Q

Blood pressure

A

How much blood is in a certain area, more blood=more pressure

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8
Q

Pulse

A

The beating of the heart

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9
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Blood pressure during systole, high

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10
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Blood pressure during diastole, low

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11
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid flowing through the lymphatic system

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12
Q

LDL

A

Cause plaque formation, found in junk food, bad fats

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13
Q

HDL

A

Prevent plaque formation, healthy food, good fats

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14
Q

Tidal volume

A

How much you breathe in and out with each breathe

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15
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum amount you can breathe in and out if you try to breathe more than normal

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16
Q

Residual volume

A

The air left in your lungs after each breath out

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17
Q

Natural selection has resulted in two general solutions to the limitations of the diffusion process; what are they?

A

Body size/ shape
Transport systems

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18
Q

List the differences and similarities between open and closed circulatory systems. Which is the most energy efficient? Which is the most effective in delivering O2 to the tissues?

A

Open: Low blood pressure, energy efficient, not effective at O2 delivery
Close: High blood pressure, energy inefficient, effective at O2 delivery

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19
Q

List the three main types of blood vessels and distinguish among them.

A

Arteries: Bring blood to body
Veins: Bring blood to heart
Capillaries: Effective at spreading blood to organs

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20
Q

The hearts of all vertebrates contain two or more muscular chambers; what are they?

A

Atria: Receives blood from veins
Ventricle: Sends blood out through arteries

21
Q

How do single and double circulation differ? What is the advantage of the latter?

A

Single: Blood goes out only through one ventricle, no different circuits
Double: Blood goes through lungs in one circuit, and through body in another, allows for more effective O2 delivery

22
Q

How do the hearts of amphibians and non-avian reptiles differ from those of birds and mammals?

A

They do not have a septum, which means their heart is just one big heart where blood can mix a lot

23
Q

For circulation in mammals, list the sequence of events in order beginning with the contraction of the right ventricle.

A
  1. Contraction sends blood to lungs
  2. Blood loads O2 and unloads CO2
  3. O2 rich blood returns to left atrium
  4. O2 Rich blood flows in left ventricle
  5. Left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta and the systemic circuit
  6. Blood returns to the right atrium through the vena cava
24
Q

What are the AV and semilunar valves? Where are they found and what do they do?

A

Separate the atrium from the ventricle, prevent backflow

25
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

Blood backflow

26
Q

What is cardiac output and how is it calculated? If an individual has a cardiac output of 4.6 L/min and a heart rate of 65 beats/min, what is their stroke volume?

A

Used to measure how hard your heart is working
4.6/65 = SV of 70.77

27
Q

What is the function of the SA node?

A

Starts and keeps the heartbeat at its rhythm

28
Q

What are the three types of input that can influence the rhythm of the SA node?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic (Mood changes basically)
Hormones such as epinephrine
Temperature changes

29
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

Spreads the signal from the SA node, holds it for a second

30
Q

What is an ECG/EKG?

A

Captures impulses created by bundle branches and Purkinje fibers, records heart activity to check for heart ailments

31
Q

Why is blood flow slowest in the capillary beds? Why is this reduction in flow rate beneficial to the organism?

A

Because capillary beds are only one cell wide, important because it gives the blood more time to diffuse its nutrients across the membrane

32
Q

What is the relationship among vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and blood pressure? If vasodilation to the capillary bed in the skin occurs (for example when entering an overly hot room), what should happen to the systemic blood pressure? Why does this not occur?

A

Vasodilation causes lower BP, whereas Vasoconstriction causes higher BP
The blood pressure should drop, however it does not because of a heart rate increase

33
Q

What is the effect of gravity on blood pressure?

A

BP is higher towards the bottom of the body and lower towards the top

34
Q

How is blood pressure in humans recorded? What are the two numbers and what do they mean?

A

Millimeters of mercury, A number over another number, top number is BP in Systole (higher pressure), and bottom number is BP in diastole (lower pressure)

35
Q

What are the mechanisms that assist in the return of venous blood to the heart?

A

Valves which prevent backflow
Muscle activation which pushes up blood
Smooth muscle
Blood pulled up by the vena cava expanding

36
Q

How is blood flow in capillary beds controlled?

A

It is controlled by smooth muscle in the walls of capillary beds, and by valves at the ends of the beds

37
Q

What is the relationship between blood pressure and osmotic pressure with respect to the movement of fluids between the capillaries and interstitial fluid?

A

Higher blood pressure combined with osmotic pressure causes fluid to leave capillaries, which low blood pressure combined with osmotic pressure causes blood to get drawn back into capillaries

38
Q

What is the role of the lymph system in maintaining fluid balance?

A

It ensures that fluids do not get stuck anywhere

39
Q

What is atherosclerosis and how is it caused?

A

Buildup of plaque in arteries and veins, caused by high LDL’s

40
Q

What are LDL and HDL? How do behavioral factors influence their relative proportions in the body?

A

Low-Density Lipoproteins cause plaque buildup, while High-Density Lipoproteins prevent plaque buildup, eating “junk” food causes an increase of LDL, also smoking and not exercising enough

41
Q

What is the role of surfactants in breathing?

A

Moist secretion which coats the surface of alveoli and protects

42
Q

What is meant by “negative pressure breathing” and how is it accomplished in humans?

A

Basically increasing the area inside of your lungs, which draws in air, accomplished by expanding our thoracic cavity by forcing our diaphragm and rib muscles to contract

43
Q

What is the partial pressure of a gas? How is it calculated?

A

Gas concentration in an area
Millimeters of mercury X Percentage of O2 = Partial pressure

44
Q

What is the relationship between partial pressure and the diffusion of a gas at a respiratory surface?

A

High partial pressure to low partial pressure

45
Q

What is a respiratory pigment and what is its role in respiration?

A

Proteins that bind to blood which can take in more O2, make it so our hearts don’t have to work overtime whenever we exercise

46
Q

What is hemoglobin? What is the role of the heme group? How many O2 molecules can bind to a molecule of Hb? What determines the amount of O2 that is bound to Hb?

A

A respiratory pigment, transportation of O2 molecules, 4, the amount of iron molecules

47
Q

What is meant by the term cooperativity in O2 binding to Hb?

A

The more O2 molecules that are bound, the more likely other O2 molecules are to bind

48
Q

What is the Bohr shift? What is shifted?

A

The shift on a graph of the amount of O2 that the Hb is retaining, it retains less, so the graph goes down

Bio 109 quiz 4 (5 decks)

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