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Biology 111 > Chapters 4, 5, & 7 > Flashcards

Chapters 4, 5, & 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mid 1600’s Scientist; first person to coin the term “cell”; looked at cork & the holes in the cork reminded him of monastery cells

A

Hooke

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2
Q

Late 1600’s scientist; noticed cells moving around and called them “animalcules”

A

Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

1820’s scientist who was first to discover the cell nucleus

A

Brown

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4
Q

1830’s scientist who first realized both plants and animals have a nucleus

A

Schwann

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5
Q

Scientist who studied the nucleus and its function

A

Schleiden

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6
Q

Scientists who discovered that cells arose from preexisting cells

A

Virchow

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7
Q

Recipe to create life

A

Spontaneous generation

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8
Q

3 parts of the cell theory:

A

1- all organisms have at least one cell
2- the cell is the most basic unit of life
3- cells only come from pre-existing cells

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9
Q

2 types of microscopes:

A

Light & electron

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10
Q

microscope that shines through specimen to project the image

A

Light microscope

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11
Q

More complex microscope that shoots electrons through specimen to portray the image

A

Electron microscope

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12
Q

5 characteristics all cells have:

A 
1 - plasma membrane
2 - DNA
3 - Cytoplasm/cytosol
4 - ribosomes
5 - cytoskeleton
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13
Q

Cell membrane that surrounds cell; all made up of phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded

A

Plasma membrane

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14
Q

Area within a cell area between DNA and cell membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

liquid in the cell that fills up the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

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16
Q

Little dots in cell; associated with making proteins; “workbenches where proteins are made”

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

Cell’s skeleton, helps give shape and support; holds it in place and helps move them around; made of protein fibers

A

Cytoskeleton

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18
Q

“Before nucleus”; simple; no nucleus; unicellular; small;

A

Prokaryotic cells

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19
Q

All bacteria are ___

A

prokaryotic

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20
Q

DNA lives in ___ region in a prokaryotic cell

A

Nucleoid region

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21
Q

Some prokaryotes have ____: used for movement and spins like a propellor. Some also have ___: hair like structures to help attach to other cells

A

Flagella; pili

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22
Q

Explanation of how we think eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells

A

Endosymbiotic theory (endosymbiosis)

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23
Q

2 explanations of prokaryotes turning into eukaryotes:

A

1 - “extra plasma membrane” that folds onto of itself and creates compartments
2 - “cell eating cell theory” most cells eat cells to kill but sometimes cells can continue to live in other cells (that gave rise to other structures such as mitochondria or chloroplast)

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24
Q

Most DNA is found in the ___

A

nucleus

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25
Q

____ and ____ contains small amounts of DNA for energy making

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast

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26
Q

When you compare 2 types of DNA from different species to see how similar they are

A

DNA Analysis

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27
Q

Mitochondria DNA is very similar to DNA in ____

A

purple sulfur bacteria

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28
Q

Chloroplastic DNA is very similar to DNA in ____

A

Cyanobacteria

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29
Q

“True nucleus”; includes plants, animals, protists, and fungi; has nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, chromatin, chromosomes

A

Eukaryotic cells

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30
Q

___ houses DNA in eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus

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31
Q

Nucleus has double membrane called the ____ where DNA lives

A

nuclear envelope

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32
Q

How things get in and out nucleus

A

nuclear pores

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33
Q

Every nucleus has at least 1 where ribosomes are made

A

Nucleolus

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34
Q

Unorganized form of DNA

A

Chromatin

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35
Q

Organized form of DNA; gets this form when it is about to divide

A

Chromosomes

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36
Q

Internal membrane sacks that divide into compartments; all structures are connected directly or indirectly by vesicles

A

Endomembrane system

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37
Q

Transporters of the eukaryotic cell; small bubbles (taxi cabs or UPS of cell)

A

Vesicles

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38
Q

Network of membranes that contains 2 types: smooth and rough

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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39
Q

Studded with ribosomes and is associated with making and storing proteins

A

Rough ER

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40
Q

Doesn’t have ribosomes; makes lipids; also plays a role in detox

A

Smooth ER

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41
Q

Looks like stack of pancakes; sorts, modifies, and packages proteins

A

Golgi

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42
Q

In animal cells only; carries digestive enzymes; aids in digestion; looks like vesicle but has specific job

A

Lysosome

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43
Q

Powerhouse of the cell; where respiration occurs and where the cell makes its ATP;

A

Mitochondria

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44
Q

Inner fold of mitochondria

A

cristae

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45
Q

most inside part of mitochondria

A

matrix

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46
Q

3 different types of cytoskeletons:

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments

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47
Q

Largest cytoskeleton; made of tubulins

A

microtubules

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48
Q

cytoskeleton only found in multicellular organisms; give structural support; made of keratin

A

intermediate filaments

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49
Q

smallest cytoskeleton; made of Actin (associated with muscle movement); play a role in cytoplasmic streaming

A

Microfilaments

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50
Q

How are flagella and cilia arranged and what are they made of?

A

9 +2 array; made of microtubules

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51
Q

found only in animals; flagella and cilia grow outward of them; barrel shaped structures made of microtubules

A

Centrioles

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52
Q

Green oval, photosynthesis; type of plastid

A

Chloroplast

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53
Q

disks in chloroplast are called ___

A

Thylakoids

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54
Q

Area outside the disk in the chloroplast is called ___

A

Stroma

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55
Q

Huge bubble-looking structure that can take up to 90% of the area in a plant cell; stores thinks like water, pigments, and waste; most important function is to supply pressure to the cell (turgor pressure)

A

Central vacuole

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56
Q

Made of cellulose, very rigid, protects and gives shape; holds in turgor pressure

A

Cell wall

57
Q

All plant cells have primary cell wall, but if they have secondary, it is between what?

A

Between primary and plasma membrane

58
Q

Tunnels of channels through a plant cell; used for cellular communication and to move materials from cell to cell

A

Plasmodesmata

59
Q

2 plant cells that are adjacent are held together by ___

A

middle lamela

60
Q

Glue like substance that allows animal cells to stick together

A

Cell adhesion molecules

61
Q

Tunnels or channels for cellular communication

A

Cell junctions

62
Q

Proteins that go all the way through the phospholipid bilayer; some are channel proteins

A

Integral protein

63
Q

Proteins that do not go all the way through he phospholipid bilayer; either on inside or outside of the vesicle

A

Peripheral protein

64
Q

Sugar bound to a protein

A

Glycoprotein

65
Q

Carb bound to a lipid

A

Glycolipid

66
Q

Type of lipid that helps cell membrane be flexible but leaky

A

Sterol

67
Q

Found in animal cell to keep fluid and functioning effectively

A

Cholesterol

68
Q

Found in plant cell to keep fluid and functioning effectively

A

Phytosterol

69
Q

Way that the proteins float in and on the cell membrane

A

Fluid mosaic model

70
Q

things don’t pass through cell membrane without permission; proteins are the “bouncerS”

A

Semi-permeable (selectively permeable)

71
Q

3 VIPS that can pass through cell membrane whenever

A

Oxygen, Water, Carbon Dioxide

72
Q

Doesn’t require energy (natural movement); molecules are moving from higher to lower concentration; move down or with concentration gradient

A

Passive transport

73
Q

Requires energy; opposite of passive transport; molecules move from lower to higher concentration; move up or against concentration gradient

A

Active transport

74
Q

Moving something across membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration; type of passive transport

A

Diffusion

75
Q

What are the 2 types of diffusion?

A

Simple and facilitated

76
Q

type of diffusion used for smaller substances (N, O, H) to move across membrane

A

Simple diffusion

77
Q

type of diffusion that needs a helper where transport protein helps a charged substance diffuse across a membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

78
Q

Type of passive transport where water moves across semi-permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

79
Q

Comparing 2 regions that are separated by a semi-permeable membrane

A

tonicity

80
Q

3 types of tonicity:

A

Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic

81
Q

“more”; higher solute concentration

A

Hypertonic

82
Q

“less”; lower solute concentration

A

Hypotonic

83
Q

“equal”; solute concentration is the same

A

Isotonic

84
Q

Water will always move towards the ___ solute concentration

A

Higher

85
Q

When a cell ruptures

A

Lyse

86
Q

Used if a substance is too large to get across membrane or several things that need to be transported

A

Exocytosis or endocytosis

87
Q

Vesicles are used to move things out of the cell

A

Exocytosis

88
Q

Vesicles carry things into the cell

A

Endocytosis

89
Q

“cell drinking”; opposite of exocytosis

A

Bulk phase endocytosis (pinocytosis)

90
Q

“cell eating”; cell actively goes after the substance

A

Receptor mediated (phagocytosis)

91
Q

Partial or full loss of electron

A

Oxidation reaction

92
Q

Partial or full gain of electrons

A

Reduction reaction

93
Q

What is the chemical equation for respiration?

A

C6 H12 06+602+32ADP= 6H20 + 6C02 +32ATP

94
Q

What is the goal of cellular respiration?

A

ATP

95
Q

Every time we break a chemical bond, free energy is released as _____ and ____

A

Hydrogen and electrons

96
Q

What is the main electron carrier?

A

NAD+

97
Q

Binds up 2 e- and 1 H+; when energy is binded, it’s reduced to NADH-

A

NAD+

98
Q

Another electron carrier is ___

A

FAD-

99
Q

Step 1 of respiration: Occurs in the cytosol/cytoplasm; takes Glucose molecule and cuts it in half; splits glucose into 2 pyruvates & makes 2 ATP

A

Glycolysis

100
Q

Step 2 of respiration: Occurs in Mitochondria; carbon is chopped off each pyruvate (2 sets of 2 carbon molecules AKA acetyl group) where CO2 is released

A

Pyruvate Oxidation

101
Q

Acetyl groups bind with ___ to enter citric acid cycle; produces 2 ATP

A

CoA

102
Q

Step 3 of respiration: occurs in mitochondria; also called chemiosmosis; energy from first 2 steps comes here and is sent through electron transfer system; uses water; makes 26-28 ATP

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

103
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

104
Q

First 5 steps of glycolysis are energy ___; last 5 steps of glycolysis are energy ___

A

requiring; producing

105
Q

What happens every time a phosphate group is removed?

A

ATP is made

106
Q

What are the results of glycolysis?

A

2ATP + 2NADH + 2H + 2 pyruvates + 2H20

107
Q

What is a pyruvate?

A

3 carbon molecule

108
Q

Post Glycolysis, 2 pyruvates are pumped into ____ by ____ to start pyruvate oxidation

A

mitochondrial matrix; active transport

109
Q

Every time a carbon is cut off, ___ is made

A

CO2

110
Q

2 ____ are made after pyruvates are decarboxylated

A

Acetyl groups

111
Q

___ binds to acetyl group to chaperone the acetyl group into the Citric Acid Cycle

A

Co Enzyme A (CoA)

112
Q

The Citric Acid Cycle can also be referred to as ____

A

Krebs Cycle

113
Q

What is the 4 carbon molecule waiting at the beginning of CAC for the acetyl group?

A

Oxaloacetate

114
Q

Acetyl group + oxaloacetate = ___

A

Citrate

115
Q

What is the difference between GTP and ATP?

A

GTP uses Guanine instead of Adenine

116
Q

In second part of step 2, ___ comes to take energy instead of NAD+

A

FAD+

117
Q

What is the summary of Step 2?

A

4C02 + 6NADH + 6H + 2FADH2 + 2ATP +2CoA

118
Q

Step 3 of respiration occurs where?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

119
Q

NADH drops energy from steps 1 & 2 off at ____ which is a ____ protein

A

Complex 1; integral

120
Q

Electrons are sent through ____ ; Hydrogen is being pumped to other side of membrane to create a ____

A

Electron transfer system ; high concentration gradient

121
Q

FADH2 drops off energy at ____ which is a ____ protein

A

Complex 2; peripheral

122
Q

Hydrogens flood through _____ after it is passed through membrane

A

ATP synthase

123
Q

H+ flooding through ATP Synthase makes energy to add ____ to ADP to create ATP?

A

Individual phosphate group

124
Q

Makes hydrogen concentration in order to push hydrogens through ATP synthase

A

Chemiosmosis

125
Q

___ and ___ bind to Oxygen to create water

A

Hydrogen and electrons

126
Q

Per glucose molecule consumed, cells can make ____ ATP

A

30-32

127
Q

Respiration that doesn’t require energy

A

Anaerobic

128
Q

2 types of fermentation

A

Lactate and alcoholic

129
Q

NADH passes on energy from glycolysis to 2 pyruvates; pyruvates then convert into lactate (lactic acid)

A

Lactic fermentation

130
Q

Fermentation doesn’t produce any ___ it only regenerates ____

A

ATP; NAD+

131
Q

___ cells have the ability to switch over to anaerobic respiration temporarily

A

Muscle

132
Q

What makes your muscles sore?

A

Lactic acid

133
Q

Something that only uses anaerobic respiration

A

Anaerobe

134
Q

What is the bitter taste in sour cream?

A

Lactic acid

135
Q

type of fermentation where the need result is ethyl alcohol

A

Alcoholic fermentation

136
Q

What type of fungus is used to make beer and wine?

A

Yeast

137
Q

Organisms who can only perform anaerobic respiration; mostly live in environments with no oxygen

A

Strict anaerobes

138
Q

Organisms who can switch between aerobic and anaerobic respiration depending on the situation and oxygen present

A

Facilitative anaerobes

Biology 111 (4 decks)

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