Chapters 4, 5, & 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Mid 1600’s Scientist; first person to coin the term “cell”; looked at cork & the holes in the cork reminded him of monastery cells
A
Hooke
2
Q
Late 1600’s scientist; noticed cells moving around and called them “animalcules”
A
Leeuwenhoek
3
Q
1820’s scientist who was first to discover the cell nucleus
A
Brown
4
Q
1830’s scientist who first realized both plants and animals have a nucleus
A
Schwann
5
Q
Scientist who studied the nucleus and its function
A
Schleiden
6
Q
Scientists who discovered that cells arose from preexisting cells
A
Virchow
7
Q
Recipe to create life
A
Spontaneous generation
8
Q
3 parts of the cell theory:
A
1- all organisms have at least one cell
2- the cell is the most basic unit of life
3- cells only come from pre-existing cells
9
Q
2 types of microscopes:
A
Light & electron
10
Q
microscope that shines through specimen to project the image
A
Light microscope
11
Q
More complex microscope that shoots electrons through specimen to portray the image
A
Electron microscope
12
Q
5 characteristics all cells have:
A
1 - plasma membrane 2 - DNA 3 - Cytoplasm/cytosol 4 - ribosomes 5 - cytoskeleton
13
Q
Cell membrane that surrounds cell; all made up of phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded
A
Plasma membrane
14
Q
Area within a cell area between DNA and cell membrane
A
Cytoplasm
15
Q
liquid in the cell that fills up the cytoplasm
A
Cytosol
16
Q
Little dots in cell; associated with making proteins; “workbenches where proteins are made”
A
Ribosomes
17
Q
Cell’s skeleton, helps give shape and support; holds it in place and helps move them around; made of protein fibers
A
Cytoskeleton
18
Q
“Before nucleus”; simple; no nucleus; unicellular; small;
A
Prokaryotic cells
19
Q
All bacteria are ___
A
prokaryotic
20
Q
DNA lives in ___ region in a prokaryotic cell
A
Nucleoid region
21
Q
Some prokaryotes have ____: used for movement and spins like a propellor. Some also have ___: hair like structures to help attach to other cells
A
Flagella; pili
22
Q
Explanation of how we think eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells
A
Endosymbiotic theory (endosymbiosis)
23
Q
2 explanations of prokaryotes turning into eukaryotes:
A
1 - “extra plasma membrane” that folds onto of itself and creates compartments
2 - “cell eating cell theory” most cells eat cells to kill but sometimes cells can continue to live in other cells (that gave rise to other structures such as mitochondria or chloroplast)
24
Q
Most DNA is found in the ___
A
nucleus
25
____ and ____ contains small amounts of DNA for energy making
Mitochondria and chloroplast
26
When you compare 2 types of DNA from different species to see how similar they are
DNA Analysis
27
Mitochondria DNA is very similar to DNA in ____
purple sulfur bacteria
28
Chloroplastic DNA is very similar to DNA in ____
Cyanobacteria
29
"True nucleus"; includes plants, animals, protists, and fungi; has nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, chromatin, chromosomes
Eukaryotic cells
30
___ houses DNA in eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
31
Nucleus has double membrane called the ____ where DNA lives
nuclear envelope
32
How things get in and out nucleus
nuclear pores
33
Every nucleus has at least 1 where ribosomes are made
Nucleolus
34
Unorganized form of DNA
Chromatin
35
Organized form of DNA; gets this form when it is about to divide
Chromosomes
36
Internal membrane sacks that divide into compartments; all structures are connected directly or indirectly by vesicles
Endomembrane system
37
Transporters of the eukaryotic cell; small bubbles (taxi cabs or UPS of cell)
Vesicles
38
Network of membranes that contains 2 types: smooth and rough
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
39
Studded with ribosomes and is associated with making and storing proteins
Rough ER
40
Doesn't have ribosomes; makes lipids; also plays a role in detox
Smooth ER
41
Looks like stack of pancakes; sorts, modifies, and packages proteins
Golgi
42
In animal cells only; carries digestive enzymes; aids in digestion; looks like vesicle but has specific job
Lysosome
43
Powerhouse of the cell; where respiration occurs and where the cell makes its ATP;
Mitochondria
44
Inner fold of mitochondria
cristae
45
most inside part of mitochondria
matrix
46
3 different types of cytoskeletons:
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
47
Largest cytoskeleton; made of tubulins
microtubules
48
cytoskeleton only found in multicellular organisms; give structural support; made of keratin
intermediate filaments
49
smallest cytoskeleton; made of Actin (associated with muscle movement); play a role in cytoplasmic streaming
Microfilaments
50
How are flagella and cilia arranged and what are they made of?
9 +2 array; made of microtubules
51
found only in animals; flagella and cilia grow outward of them; barrel shaped structures made of microtubules
Centrioles
52
Green oval, photosynthesis; type of plastid
Chloroplast
53
disks in chloroplast are called ___
Thylakoids
54
Area outside the disk in the chloroplast is called ___
Stroma
55
Huge bubble-looking structure that can take up to 90% of the area in a plant cell; stores thinks like water, pigments, and waste; most important function is to supply pressure to the cell (turgor pressure)
Central vacuole
56
Made of cellulose, very rigid, protects and gives shape; holds in turgor pressure
Cell wall
57
All plant cells have primary cell wall, but if they have secondary, it is between what?
Between primary and plasma membrane
58
Tunnels of channels through a plant cell; used for cellular communication and to move materials from cell to cell
Plasmodesmata
59
2 plant cells that are adjacent are held together by ___
middle lamela
60
Glue like substance that allows animal cells to stick together
Cell adhesion molecules
61
Tunnels or channels for cellular communication
Cell junctions
62
Proteins that go all the way through the phospholipid bilayer; some are channel proteins
Integral protein
63
Proteins that do not go all the way through he phospholipid bilayer; either on inside or outside of the vesicle
Peripheral protein
64
Sugar bound to a protein
Glycoprotein
65
Carb bound to a lipid
Glycolipid
66
Type of lipid that helps cell membrane be flexible but leaky
Sterol
67
Found in animal cell to keep fluid and functioning effectively
Cholesterol
68
Found in plant cell to keep fluid and functioning effectively
Phytosterol
69
Way that the proteins float in and on the cell membrane
Fluid mosaic model
70
things don't pass through cell membrane without permission; proteins are the "bouncerS"
Semi-permeable (selectively permeable)
71
3 VIPS that can pass through cell membrane whenever
Oxygen, Water, Carbon Dioxide
72
Doesn't require energy (natural movement); molecules are moving from higher to lower concentration; move down or with concentration gradient
Passive transport
73
Requires energy; opposite of passive transport; molecules move from lower to higher concentration; move up or against concentration gradient
Active transport
74
Moving something across membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration; type of passive transport
Diffusion
75
What are the 2 types of diffusion?
Simple and facilitated
76
type of diffusion used for smaller substances (N, O, H) to move across membrane
Simple diffusion
77
type of diffusion that needs a helper where transport protein helps a charged substance diffuse across a membrane
facilitated diffusion
78
Type of passive transport where water moves across semi-permeable membrane
Osmosis
79
Comparing 2 regions that are separated by a semi-permeable membrane
tonicity
80
3 types of tonicity:
Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic
81
"more"; higher solute concentration
Hypertonic
82
"less"; lower solute concentration
Hypotonic
83
"equal"; solute concentration is the same
Isotonic
84
Water will always move towards the ___ solute concentration
Higher
85
When a cell ruptures
Lyse
86
Used if a substance is too large to get across membrane or several things that need to be transported
Exocytosis or endocytosis
87
Vesicles are used to move things out of the cell
Exocytosis
88
Vesicles carry things into the cell
Endocytosis
89
"cell drinking"; opposite of exocytosis
Bulk phase endocytosis (pinocytosis)
90
"cell eating"; cell actively goes after the substance
Receptor mediated (phagocytosis)
91
Partial or full loss of electron
Oxidation reaction
92
Partial or full gain of electrons
Reduction reaction
93
What is the chemical equation for respiration?
C6 H12 06+602+32ADP= 6H20 + 6C02 +32ATP
94
What is the goal of cellular respiration?
ATP
95
Every time we break a chemical bond, free energy is released as _____ and ____
Hydrogen and electrons
96
What is the main electron carrier?
NAD+
97
Binds up 2 e- and 1 H+; when energy is binded, it's reduced to NADH-
NAD+
98
Another electron carrier is ___
FAD-
99
Step 1 of respiration: Occurs in the cytosol/cytoplasm; takes Glucose molecule and cuts it in half; splits glucose into 2 pyruvates & makes 2 ATP
Glycolysis
100
Step 2 of respiration: Occurs in Mitochondria; carbon is chopped off each pyruvate (2 sets of 2 carbon molecules AKA acetyl group) where CO2 is released
Pyruvate Oxidation
101
Acetyl groups bind with ___ to enter citric acid cycle; produces 2 ATP
CoA
102
Step 3 of respiration: occurs in mitochondria; also called chemiosmosis; energy from first 2 steps comes here and is sent through electron transfer system; uses water; makes 26-28 ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
103
Where does Glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
104
First 5 steps of glycolysis are energy ___; last 5 steps of glycolysis are energy ___
requiring; producing
105
What happens every time a phosphate group is removed?
ATP is made
106
What are the results of glycolysis?
2ATP + 2NADH + 2H + 2 pyruvates + 2H20
107
What is a pyruvate?
3 carbon molecule
108
Post Glycolysis, 2 pyruvates are pumped into ____ by ____ to start pyruvate oxidation
mitochondrial matrix; active transport
109
Every time a carbon is cut off, ___ is made
CO2
110
2 ____ are made after pyruvates are decarboxylated
Acetyl groups
111
___ binds to acetyl group to chaperone the acetyl group into the Citric Acid Cycle
Co Enzyme A (CoA)
112
The Citric Acid Cycle can also be referred to as ____
Krebs Cycle
113
What is the 4 carbon molecule waiting at the beginning of CAC for the acetyl group?
Oxaloacetate
114
Acetyl group + oxaloacetate = ___
Citrate
115
What is the difference between GTP and ATP?
GTP uses Guanine instead of Adenine
116
In second part of step 2, ___ comes to take energy instead of NAD+
FAD+
117
What is the summary of Step 2?
4C02 + 6NADH + 6H + 2FADH2 + 2ATP +2CoA
118
Step 3 of respiration occurs where?
inner mitochondrial membrane
119
NADH drops energy from steps 1 & 2 off at ____ which is a ____ protein
Complex 1; integral
120
Electrons are sent through ____ ; Hydrogen is being pumped to other side of membrane to create a ____
Electron transfer system ; high concentration gradient
121
FADH2 drops off energy at ____ which is a ____ protein
Complex 2; peripheral
122
Hydrogens flood through _____ after it is passed through membrane
ATP synthase
123
H+ flooding through ATP Synthase makes energy to add ____ to ADP to create ATP?
Individual phosphate group
124
Makes hydrogen concentration in order to push hydrogens through ATP synthase
Chemiosmosis
125
___ and ___ bind to Oxygen to create water
Hydrogen and electrons
126
Per glucose molecule consumed, cells can make ____ ATP
30-32
127
Respiration that doesn't require energy
Anaerobic
128
2 types of fermentation
Lactate and alcoholic
129
NADH passes on energy from glycolysis to 2 pyruvates; pyruvates then convert into lactate (lactic acid)
Lactic fermentation
130
Fermentation doesn't produce any ___ it only regenerates ____
ATP; NAD+
131
___ cells have the ability to switch over to anaerobic respiration temporarily
Muscle
132
What makes your muscles sore?
Lactic acid
133
Something that only uses anaerobic respiration
Anaerobe
134
What is the bitter taste in sour cream?
Lactic acid
135
type of fermentation where the need result is ethyl alcohol
Alcoholic fermentation
136
What type of fungus is used to make beer and wine?
Yeast
137
Organisms who can only perform anaerobic respiration; mostly live in environments with no oxygen
Strict anaerobes
138
Organisms who can switch between aerobic and anaerobic respiration depending on the situation and oxygen present
Facilitative anaerobes
