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Biology 111 > Chapters 1, 2, 3, & 6 > Flashcards

Chapters 1, 2, 3, & 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sequence of chemical reactions in which each reaction is dependent upon the one before

A

Metabolic pathway

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2
Q

Energy released by breaking down complex molecules

Ex: digestion, cellular respiration

A

Catabolic

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3
Q

Energy used to build more complex molecules

Ex: photosynthesis

A

Anabolic

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4
Q

Form of energy cells used to do work and donates 3rd phosphate groups
Hydrolysis Reaction: ATP+H20>ADP+Pi

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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5
Q

When one phosphate group is transferred to another molecule

A

Phosphorylation

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6
Q

Using an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

A

energy coupling

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7
Q

Regulate metabolism; speeds up chemical reactions; AKA catalysts;

A

Enzymes

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8
Q

Energy required to start a chemical reaction

A

Activation energy

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9
Q

Bonding rules:

A

1-3 e: tends to donate e; becomes positive ion
6-7 e: tends to gain e; becomes negative ion
4-5 e: (sometimes 6) tends to share e; from covalent bonds

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10
Q

Outermost electron shell of an atom

A

valence shell

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11
Q

When number of protons and electrons aren’t equal

A

Ion

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12
Q

Atoms of an element with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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13
Q

Donating, taking, or sharing electrons

A

Chemical bond
K - 1st level; up to 2 electrons
L - 2nd level; up to 8 electrons
M - 3rd level; up to 8 electrons

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14
Q

Number of protons in atom’s nucleus

A

Atomic number

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15
Q

Number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

A

Atomic mass

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16
Q

Atoms are made up of 3 subatomic particles:

A

Protons (live in nucleus)
Neutrons (live in nucleus)
Electrons (revolve around nucleus)

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17
Q

When you have 2+ atoms joined by a chemical bond in fixed ratios

A

Molecules

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18
Q

Specific type of molecule whose atoms are different

A

Compound

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19
Q

Living organisms are mainly made up of:

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen

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20
Q

Elements necessary for life, but aren’t needed in large amounts
Ex: Iodine

A

Trace Elements

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21
Q

Smallest units that retain the properties of an element

A

Atom

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22
Q

Pure substance that can’t be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical techniques

A

Element

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23
Q

Anything that occupies space; made of elements

A

Matter

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24
Q

Broadly applicable ideal or hypothesis that has been supported/confirmed by every conceivable test; tested many times by different people but hasn’t been disproven

A

Scientific theory

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25
Q

Examples of scientific theories:

A

Theory of evolution

Germ theory

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26
Q

Make observations to form a general statement

A

Inductive reasoning

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27
Q

Scientific method steps

A

Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment/ make prediction
Share

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28
Q

acquiring knowledge through observations or working out an explanation and testing the explanation through carefully designed experiment

A

Scientific method

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29
Q

Ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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30
Q

2 main types of biological research:

A

1 - basic research

2 - applied research

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31
Q

explains natural phenomena or advance collective knowledge; scientist doesn’t change anything, only observes

A

Basic research; observational data

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32
Q

usually tries to solve a specific problem; scientists usually change something

A

Applied research; experimental data

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33
Q

Hierarchy of classification

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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34
Q

Organization of life:

A

Biosphere - Earth
Ecosystems - Community + nonliving things
Community - population of org. living in same place
Population - group living in same place
Multicellular organism - can’t survive on own
Cells - building block of life

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35
Q

Sequential stages of reproduction & development

A

life cycle

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36
Q

Changes in a population over time

A

evolution

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37
Q

Other organization of life:

A

Organ system
organ
tissue
cell

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38
Q

Different genes in a population are valued differently for survival and reproduction

A

natural selection

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39
Q

species that make good test subjects
mice - medicine
fruit flies - genetics

A

model organisms

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40
Q

Partially hydrophobic; make up cell membranes; keep them flexible without being leaky

A

phospholipids

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41
Q

Natural/non polar/hydrophobic

Sterol; phytosterol; hormones

A

Steroids

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42
Q

Cholesterol; found in cell membrane

A

Sterol

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43
Q

Plants version of cholesterol

A

Phytosterol

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44
Q

20 different types of amino acids
Regulates metabolism
Helps move things across cell membrane
Used for communication

A

Protein

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45
Q

Every protein has:

A

N-Terminal End: NH3

C-Terminal End: COO

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46
Q

4 possible levels of protein structure:

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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47
Q

Sequence of amino acids

A

Primary structure

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48
Q

Twists and turns of amino acid chain
alpha helix - winds in right hand helix
beta strand - folds into zig zag; forms beta sheets

A

Secondary structure

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49
Q

3D folding of protein

Conformation - most important for function

A

Tertiary structure

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50
Q

Structure for more complex proteins

A

Quaternary structure

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51
Q

Unfolded; its conformation has changed; no longer works

A

Denaturation

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52
Q

If a denatured protein can be returned to its original structure

A

Renaturation

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53
Q

Specialized proteins that fold proteins into their tertiary structure; dictates its function and solubility

A

Chaperone proteins/chaperonins

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54
Q

Long chains of polymers of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

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55
Q

1 nucleotide =

A

1 sugar, 1 phosphate, 1 nitrogenous base

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56
Q

Characteristics of life:

A 
growth
reproduction
respiration
metabolism
ability to maintain its life
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57
Q

everything you start with in a chemical equation

A

Reactant

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58
Q

everything you end up with in a chemical equation

A

Product

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59
Q
  • Weakest of chemical bonds
  • Temporary bond
  • Develop over short distances between non polar molecules when electrons accumulate by chance
A

Van der Waals forces

60
Q

Bonds between atoms of the same molecule

A

Intramolecular forces

61
Q

bonds between atoms in different molecules

A

Intermolecular forces

62
Q
  • Not strong
  • “Easy to break, easy to make”
  • usually polar
A

hydrogen bonds

63
Q

Have as many hydrogens as possible; non polar bc the way they arrange their bonds

A

Hydrocarbons

64
Q

Love water; polar

A

hydrophilic

65
Q

hate water; nonpolar

A

hydrophobic

66
Q

Form when you try to mix polar and non polar substances; excludes nonpolar

A

Polar associations

67
Q

Form when you try to mix polar and non polar substances; exclude polar

A

Non polar associations

68
Q

Different changes associated with different regions of the molecule; atom with higher atomic number is stronger

A

Polar covalent bond

69
Q

Electrons are shared equally; neutral

A

Non polar covalent bond

70
Q
  • When 2 atoms share electrons
  • written with dash or colon
  • must be bonded @specific angles or locations
  • size and shape of molecule dictates its function
A

Covalent Bond

71
Q
  • Opposites attract
  • can bond in amy direction
  • occur over long distances (longest bond)
  • can be different degrees of strength
A

Ionic bond

72
Q

Releases free energy; anytime chemical bond is broken

A

Exergonic reaction

73
Q

Gains energy from broken chemical bond

A

Endergonic reaction

74
Q

Releases energy outside; products have less potential energy bc some energy was lost in reaction

A

Exothermic reaction

75
Q

Absorbs energy; products have more potential energy bc energy was absorbed

A

Endothermic reaction

76
Q

Types of Bonds:

A

Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Van der Waals forces

77
Q

study of energy

A

thermodynamics

78
Q

Law of thermodynamics

A

energy can’t be created nor destroyed

entropy is always increasing (chaos)

79
Q

Positively charged ion

A

Cation

80
Q

Negatively charged ion

A

Anion

81
Q

Energy in motion

A

Kinetic energy

82
Q

stored energy

A

Potential energy

83
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Watson & Crick

84
Q

What makes us different in a species?

A

Amount of DNA & sequence of nitrogenous bases

85
Q

Nitrogenous bases:

A

Pyrimidines & Purines

86
Q

Types of pyrimidines:

A

Singles ringed: Uracil (U); Thymine (T); Cytosine (C)

87
Q

Types of purines:

A

Double ringed: Adenine (A); Guanine (G)

88
Q

Chargoff’s Rules:

A

Every nitrogenous base is paired with opposite one.
Adenine paired w/ Thymine
Cytosine paired w/ Guanine

89
Q

Properties of H20

A

Hydrogen bonding; polarity; good facilitator of chemical reactions

90
Q

Substance that dissolves something else

A

Solvent

91
Q

Substance being dissolved

A

Solute

92
Q

Heat energy is absorbed as something is being cooled

A

Heat evaporation

93
Q

Resistance to rupturing

A

Surface tension

94
Q

pH scale

A

0-6: acidic/ has more H+
8-14: basic/ has more OH-
acids are H+ donors & bases are H+ acceptors

95
Q

What is our internal pH?

A

7.3-7.5

96
Q

Compensate for pH changes by absorbing or releasing H; often weak acids or bases

A

Buffers

97
Q

If your body is very acidic, use bicarbonate

If your body is very basic, use carbonic acid

A

Carbonic Acid- bicarbonate buffer system

98
Q

Things made of Carbon (other than CO2)

A

Organic

99
Q

Can form up to 4 covalent bonds at once

A

Tetravalent

100
Q

Includes OH

is found in alcohol

A

hydroxyl

101
Q

Includes C=O
If C=O is on end, its aldehyde
If C=O is in middle, its ketone

A

Carbonyl

102
Q

Include COOH

Found in vinegar

A

Carboxyl

103
Q

Includes NH2
Only functional group with nitrogen
Amino acids in protein have amino grouos

A

Amino

104
Q

Blueprints
Sugar phosphate backbone; sugars bridged with phosphate group through phosphodiester bond
Double helix

A

DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid)

105
Q

Single stranded
Uses uracil instead of thymine
Sugar is ribose

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

106
Q

Types of neutral lipids

A
  • Waxes
  • Oils
  • Fats
  • Saturated fats
  • Unsaturated fats
107
Q

Involve carbon chains that are saturated with hydrogen (liquid at room temp)

A

Saturated fats

108
Q

Have carbon double bonds (semi-solid at room temp)

Healthier

A

Unsaturated fats

109
Q

In a marathon what saccharide do you want?

A

polysaccharide

110
Q

If blood sugar is low, what saccharide do you want?

A

monosaccharide

111
Q

10+ monosaccharides joined by chemical bond
Cellulose - plant cell wall
Chitin - bug exoskeleton

A

Polysaccharide

112
Q

2 monosaccharides joined by chemical bond

Some disaccharides are joined by glycosidic bonds

A

Disaccharides

113
Q

made by 2 molecules in alpha position and joined by O2

A

Glycosidic bond

114
Q

Made of 1 type of sugar
Usually has 3-7 carbons: triose, pentose, hexose
Can occur in line or fold in rings

A

Monosaccharide

115
Q

If a monosaccharide is linear, how do you count it?

A

Top to bottom

116
Q

If a monosaccharide is in rings, how do you count it?

A

Start at the 3:00 position and count clockwise

117
Q

If OH is below first Carbon, it is in ___ position

A

Alpha

118
Q

If OH is above first Carbon, it is in ___ position

A

Beta

119
Q

Sugar
Ends in “ose”
gives you energy

A

Carbohydrates

120
Q

2 or more molecules with same chemical formula, but different molecular structures

A

Isomer

121
Q

if isomers are mirror images of another
“L Isomer” = left
“D Isomer” = right

A

Stereoisomer

122
Q

If components of water are removed in a chemical reaction

Used when building more complex molecule

A

Dehydration reaction

123
Q

If components of water are added in chemical reaction

Used when breaking down molecules

A

Hydrolysis reaction

124
Q

Many units bound together ; when hydration is used, we make them

A

Polymer

125
Q

Individual subunit; when hydrolysis is used, we make them

A

Monomer

126
Q

4 main biological molecules:

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleotides/nucleic acids

127
Q

2 molecules with same chemical formula but components are attached different ways

A

structural isomer

128
Q

taking an unsaturated fat and bombarding it with hydrogen to make it more saturated
longer shelf life and food less greasy

A

hydrogenation

129
Q

Groups include P
Component in DNA
Molecules donate phosphate to give energy

A

Phosphate

130
Q

Groups include S

Skunk Spray

A

sulfhydryl

131
Q

Hydrophobic
Partially or entirely non polar
neutral, phospholipids, and steriods

A

Lipids

132
Q

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the ____

A

activation energy

133
Q

Substance that an enzyme is acting upon

A

Substrate

134
Q

Most enzymes end in “___”

A

“ase”

135
Q

Sign on an enzyme that binds to the substrate (Indention in enzyme)

A

Active sight

136
Q

When enzyme changes its shape slightly so it has a more perfect and tight hold on the substrate

A

Induced fit

137
Q

How does an enzyme break easier and quicker?

A

It stresses the bonds forcing it to break

138
Q

Catalysts & do the same job as enzymes, but they are not proteins

A

ribozymes

139
Q

Rate that enzymes are speeding up reactions

A

Rate of catalysis

140
Q

Term when amount of substrates outnumber amount of enzymes

A

Saturated

141
Q

3 main ways cells regulate enzyme activity:

A

1) competitive & noncompetitive inhibition
2) allosteric activation & allosteric inhibition
3) through chemical modification

142
Q

The substrate and an inhibitor compete for the active site. Purpose is to stop it from activating too early

A

Competitive Inhibition

143
Q

The inhibitor and substrate aren’t competing over the active site. The inhibitor binds to a site other than active site, then induced fir occurs so the substrate cannot bind

A

Noncompetitive inhibition

144
Q

Refers to a sit on enzyme other than active site; only way substrate can fit in the enzyme is when the activator binds to the allosteric site

A

Allosteric activation

145
Q

when the inhibitor binds to allosteric site, the substrate can;t bind to active site so only one can bind at a time

A

Allosteric inhibition

146
Q

Adding or taking something away to change the chemical structure in order to keep a chemical reaction from occurring or making a chemical reaction occur

A

Chemical modification

147
Q

If ___ or ____ changes too much, it can kill an enzyme (homeostasis)

A

Temperature; pH

Biology 111 (4 decks)

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