Chapter 8, 10, & 11 Flashcards
1
Q
____ & ____ are constantly cycling on Earth.
A
Respiration and photosynthesis
2
Q
Something to do with energy or food
A
“troph”
3
Q
“self feeders”; make their own nutrients
A
autotrophs
4
Q
“different feeders”; must consume organic material for nutrients
A
Heterotroph
5
Q
Reaction where we use light; occurs in the thylakoid membrane; Where Oxygen is released
A
Light (dependent) reaction
6
Q
What is the electron carrier for photosynthesis?
A
NADP+
7
Q
Reaction that doesn’t require the sun; happens in the stroma of the chloroplast (space around thylakoids); CO2 is converted into sugar
A
Light independent reaction
8
Q
What scientist discovered the light independent reactions?
A
Calvin
9
Q
In most plants, most of the photosynthesis occurs where?
A
Leaves
10
Q
Openings in the upper or lower epidermis are called ____
A
Stoma or stomata
11
Q
Tissue inside the leaf that is green that contains lots of chloroplast is called ___
A
mesophyll tissue
12
Q
___ comes through the stoma then ____ exits through the stoma
A
CO2; O2
13
Q
tightly packed together in the upper epidermis
A
Palisade mesophyll
14
Q
Loosely packed together with lots of air pockets in the lower epidermis
A
Spongy mesophyll
15
Q
____ in thylakoids are what capture the sun’s energy
A
Pigments
16
Q
Main pigment that we focus on in photosynthesis is ____; absorbs red and blue wavelengths but reflects the green wavelengths
A
Chlorophyll
17
Q
____ tend to reflect orange and yellow pigments
A
Carotenoids
18
Q
When a pigment traps the sun’s energy:
A
1 - electrons will immediately release that energy as light or heat (fluorescence)
2 - electrons transfer the energy to an electron acceptor
3 - electrons may transfer the energy to a neighboring molecule
19
Q
P-680 stands for what?
A
P- pigment
680- optimum wavelength
20
Q
Photosystem 2 has what wavelength?
A
P-680
21
Q
Photosystem 1 has what wavelength?
A
P-700
22
Q
Electrons get reenergized when they reach ____
A
Photosystem 1
23
Q
Water is used in photosynthesis for its energy; it is split at the beginning for its ___ ions
A
electron and hydrogen
24
Q
The electrons from oxygen enter what?
A
The electron transfer system
25
Trying to move all the H+ on the inside of the thylakoid is called ____
chemiosmosis
26
Once e- get to primary e- acceptor, some e- will be sent to a Ferredoxin to the right to be picked up by NADP+, but some are sent to Ferredoxin to the left and what will happen to them?
They will reenter the electron transfer system
27
What is it called when the electrons are sent to the ferredoxin to the left?
Cyclic electron flow
28
The point of the cyclic electron flow is to create energy to pump H+ across membrane without creating more ___
NADPH
29
Part 2 of photosynthesis is called ___ or ___ or ____
Light independent reaction; calvin cycle; stroma reactions
30
Energy from step 1 converts CO2 to what?
sugar
31
CO2 comes into the cycle through the ___ to the stroma to begin the Calvin Cycle
Stoma or Stomata
32
___ is the molecule waiting at the beginning of the Calvin Cycle
RuBP
33
CO2 binds to RuBP that creates a fragile 6 Carbon molecule that immediately splits in half to give us two 3 Carbon molecules called ___
3PGA
34
RuBP + CO2 = 2 3PGA
Carboxylase
35
Enzyme that drives the carboxylase reaction
Rubisco
36
Possibly the most important enzyme on earth
rubisco
37
First part of the Calvin cycle is called ___
Carbon fixation
38
____ Pathway is the version most plants use for photosynthesis
C3
39
2nd part of the Calvin Cycle is called ___
Reduction
40
2 3PGA = 2G3P
reduction
41
3rd part of the Calvin Cycle is called ___
regeneration
42
It takes ___ turns of the Calvin Cycle to create Glucose
6
43
For every 1 turn of the Calvin Cycle, it takes __ CO2
3
44
Examples of C3 plants:
wheat, rice, barley, tomatoes, potatoes
45
If rubisco acts as an oxygenase (binds to oxygen instead of carbon)
Photorespiration
46
when photorespiration occurs it what?
Cuts the photosynthesis rate in half
47
Phosphoglycolate is made into a glycol ate then goes to a specialized molecule ____ to be detoxed
Peroxisome
48
___ must leave the chloroplast bc it cannot play a role in the Calvin Cycle
glycolate
49
When is photorespiration most likely to occur?
Hot, dry climates
50
Examples of C4 plants:
Corn, sugarcane, crabgrass
51
In a C4 pathway, light reactions occur where?
Mesophyll
52
The Calvin Cycle in C4 pathway occurs where?
Bundle Sheath cell
53
____ is an enzyme that acts on Carbon in C4 pathway
PEP Carboxylase
54
The first product from the C4 pathway is what?
Oxaloacetate
55
Pathway that occurs in Extremely HOT environments
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM Pathway)
56
Examples of CAM plants:
Cactus, lilies, orchids
57
CAM Pathway occurs where
Mesophyll cells
58
At night, CAM plants will keep their stomata ___ and during the day they ____ it
open; close
59
When do CAM plants make sugar?
During the day
60
Each strand of the chromosomes are called ___
sister chromatids
61
Point where sister chromatids come together is the ___
centromere
62
On the centromere, there is a group of proteins called the ___
kinetochore
63
___ has 2 sets of chromosomes
Diploid (2n)
64
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23 pairs
65
Extracting chromosomes and lining them up in their pairs
Karyotype
66
2 chromosomes in that pair are some size and shape; carry same type of genetic for, centromere in same location
homologous chromosomes
67
Only chromosomes in our bodies that aren't homologous are ___
23rd pair
68
___ cells only have 1 set of chromosomes
haploid
69
Longest phase for all types of cells; preparation phase for division
Interphase
70
Growth phase; where the cell decides whether or not it should divide; functions as a cell; If growth factors are present, it will divide
G1 Phase
71
If cells never divide again (brain cells) or won't divide for a long time
Go Phase
72
(synthesis) when DNA replication occurs
S Phase
73
Last chance to make everything it needs to divide into 2 cells
G2 Phase
74
Nuclear division; occurs in Somatic cells
M Phase
75
What are examples of Somatic cells?
General body cells like skin, heart, and muscle cells
76
Chromatin condenses; Chromosomes begin to appear; Nuclear envelope disappears so DNA can move around; Microtubules are organized into a spindle; Nucleolus may shrink or disappear; Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell like poles;
Prophase
77
Spindle finishes forming; nuclear envelope finishes breaking up; some of the microtubules in the spindle will attach to the chromosomes at the kinetochore of the chromosomes
Prometaphase
78
All chromosomes line up at the center ( Metaphase plate) of the spindle;
Metaphase
79
Enzyme called Separase comes in and breaks up the cohesion force and the centromere splits. Sister chromatids are separated then go to the opposite poles
Anaphase
80
Sister chromatids have reached opposite poles; DNA decondenses back into chromatin; nuclear envelope reforms around each set of DNA; Nucleolus comes back; spindle disappears; You end with one cell that has 2 nuclei
Telophase
81
Cytoplasmic division (Last step in cell cycle) starts some time in anaphase or telophase
Cytokinesis
82
Special proteins in the middle of the cell start moving back and forth contracting to pull the plasma membrane inward; creates a cleavage and moves inward until its completely divided
Animal cell cytokinesis
83
Vesicles carry cellulose and materials that make up the cell wall to the center of the cell; when the vesicles line up in the center, they form a cell plate so vesicles start to fuse together; As they fuse, they empty their contents; cell wall is built from the inside out
Plant cell Cytokinesis
84
Mitosis is used for what?
growth, maintenance, repair
85
Mitosis in bacteria is used for ___
asexual reproduction
86
The centrosome is made up of what?
Centrioles and microtubules
87
MTOC stands for ___
Microtubule organizing center
88
What is the MTOC for animal cells?
Centrosome
89
What helps keep the spindle organized in plant cells?
MTOCs
90
Where cyclin comes in and checks the cell in general and looks for growth factors
G1/S Checkpoint
91
Cyclin checks for proper DNA replication
G2/M Checkpoint
92
Any change in DNA
Mutation
93
Checks Mitotic spindle before metaphase of nuclear division; checks for proper chromosome attachment to the spindle
3rd checkpoint
94
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
95
Enzyme that activates cyclins
Enzyme CDK
96
G1/S cyclin binds to ___ somewhere between G1 & S phase transition
CDK2
97
S Cyclin binds to __ around S Phase
CDK2
98
M Cyclin bins to ___ usually between G2 to M phase transition
CDK1
99
Another cell cycle regulation in animal cells; animal cells have specific receptors on their surfaces that recognize that its touching other cells; If receptors tell cell its surrounded by cells all the way around, growth factors won't show up
Contact inhibition
100
Process in which bacteria divide
Binary fission
101
Point where the bacterial chromosome starts to replicate
Origin of replication (ORI)
102
What is the longest part of binary fission?
DNA replication
103
If a bacteria is in its optimum environment, it can divide up to every __ minutes
20
104
Purpose of the cycle is to produce gametes
Meiosis
105
What are gametes?
Egg and sperm cells
106
What makes us different?
Genetic variation
107
How many chromosomes do egg and sperm cells have?
23
108
Sex cells are where ?
gonads
109
Gonads in female
Ovaries
110
Gonads in male
Testes
111
Alternate versions of the same gene
allele
112
Same type of chromosomes; same size, shape, carry same genetic info
homologous chromosomes
113
In between Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2; abbreviated interphase without DNA replication; chance for cells to make anything before they divide again
Interkinesis
114
Chromatin condenses; Nuclear envelope disappears; Microtubules are organized into a spindle; homologous chromosomes randomly swap alleles
Prophase I of Meiosis
115
Crossing over homologous chromosomes is how we get ___
Genetic recombination
116
Homologous chromosomes get close to teacher so they can swap alleles
Synapse
117
Site where crossing over occurs
Chiasma/chiasmata
118
Chromosomes line up in the center plate & form a tetrad
Metaphase I of Meiosis
119
2 homologous pairs lining up in Metaphase
Tetrad
120
Centromere doesn't split; sister chromatids stay together; homologous pairs go to the opposite poles
Anaphase I of Meiosis
121
At the end of Meiosis I, you have 2 daughter cells that are genetically ___
different
122
Sister chromatids go to opposite poles
Anaphase II of Meiosis
123
What do you have at the end of Meiosis II?
4 haploid daughter cells that are genetically different
124
Per 1 round of meiosis for men, how many sperm cells are made?
4
125
Per 1 round of meiosis for women, how many eggs are made?
1
126
What are the 3 small eggs that disappear called?
Polar bodies
127
When the chromosomes don't separate properly in Anaphase
nondisjunction
128
If a daughter chromosome inherits an extra chromosome
Trisomy
129
Down syndrome (mental impairment, organ defects, short stature, eyes shaped differently, necks are thicker)
Trisomy 21
130
If a daughter cell only inherits 1 chromosome instead of 2
Monosomy
131
Chromosomes 1-22 in karyotype
Autosomes
132
Sequential stages for growth and development
Life cycle
133
Diploid phase is dominant phase; haploid phase only used to make gametes
Animal life cycle
134
What are the only haploid cells in humans?
Gametes
135
What you see is the diploid stage; haploid phase is microscopic; different species have different dominant phases; goes through meiosis to create haploid spores; spores grow into gametophyte with produces haploid gametes
Plant life cycle (some fungi and algae)
136
See a different form in each stage; diploid and haploid stages
Alternation of generations
137
Plant stage that produces spores
Sporophyte
138
Plant stage that produces gametes
Gametophyte
139
Haploid phase is dominant; gametophyte phase is what we see; only part thats diploid is after fertilization
Some fungi/algae life cycle
