Chapters 39 and 41 Flashcards
Where do heterotrophs obtain energy and nutrients from?
From other organisms
Define nutrients. What are examples of some nutrients?
- Substances an organism needs to remain alive
EX: amino acids, vitamins, minerals, electrolytes
Can essential nutrients be synthesized?
No, it must be obtained from food
List the 9 amino acids humans cannot synthesize.
Histidine, isoleucine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Lysine.
Define vitamins. What are the three examples of vitamins given in the notes?
Vitamins are organic compounds that are vital for health nut required in minute amounts, serve as coenzymes.
EX: B1, B12, and Vitamin C
List and explain the use of the three minerals given in the notes.
The three minerals are Calcium, Iron, and Magnesium. Calcium helps with teeth and bone formation, nerve signaling, and muscle response.
Fe or iron aids hemoglobin, ETC, enzyme cofactor
Mg helps the coenzyme factor.
List and explain the use of the three electrolytes given in the notes.
The three electrolytes are Na, K, and Cl. Na and K help the nerve signaling, muscle response. Cl helps fluid balance in cells, protein digestion in stomach.
Animal nutrition begins with ingestion. What are the three following steps?
Ingestion, then Digestion, Absorption, Elimination.
Explain the components of mechanical digestion found in the mouth. Name structures, functions, etc.
The mouth consists of teeth which help tear and grind food during chewing and a tongue which helps shape food into a ball and pushes it to the back of the mouth.
Chemical digestion occurs in the mouth as well. Explain which enzymes are found in the mouth, along with other possible substances.
Chemical digestion includes the salivary glands which has enzymes like amylase to digest starch and lipase to digest lipids. In the mouth there is also mucins which is used as a lubricant.
What type of molecule does amylase digest (breakdown)? What does lipase breakdown?
Amylase- starch
Lipase- lipids
How is food propelled down the esophagus?
By a wave of muscle contractions called peristalsis.
Lumen of the stomach is highly ______ (acidic/basic).
Acidic
The stomach is the site of protein digestion, done by the enzyme _________.
Pepsin
What do mucous cells secrete? What do parietal cells secrete? Chief cells?
Mucous cells secrete mucus.
Parietal cells secrete HCl.
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. (Inactive pepsin)
What converts pepsinogen into the active form of pepsin?
When pepsinogen is in the acidic environment in the stomach it will convert into the active pepsin.
Partially digested food from the stomach mixes with secretions from the _______ and
_____.
Pancreas and liver.
How does the small intestine specialize in absorption of nutrients by increasing surface area?
Because the Epithelial tissue lining the small intestine is folded with projections called villi, which have microvilli.
The pancreas produces hydrolytic enzymes. List the four hydrolytic enzymes, and what molecules each of them digest specifically.
1) Proteases - digest proteins/polypeptides
2) Nucleases - digest nucleic acids
3) Amylase - digest carbohydrates (starch)
4) Lipases - digest fats/ lipids
What does the liver produce? How does its product aid in digestion?
The liver produces bile salts. Bile salts aid in digestion because they act as emulsifying agents to form smaller droplets that make it easier for lipases to breakdown.
Describe the gallbladder’s function.
The gallbladder stores bile.
What is the overall function of the large intestine?
The large intestine absorbs water to compact waste to form feces.
Bacteria in the human colon produces several vitamins, such as vitamin ____.
Vitamin K
Breathing begins with ventilation. What are the three following steps? Explain all four of these steps in detail.
1) ventilation - movement of air through a specialized gas exchange organ (lungs)
2) gas exchange - CO2 and O2 diffuse between air and the blood at the respiratory surface
3) circulation- dissolved O2 and CO2 are transported throughout the body and gas exchanges occurs between blood and cells.
4) cellular respiration
How does O2 and CO2 flow through areas? (Hint: Low partial potential to high? Or high to low?)
O2 and CO2 move from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure.
Explain the flow of air from entering the mouth/nose to ending at the capillaries where gas exchange occurs. (Hint: Include all the structures air passes through inside the lungs as well! EX: Bronchi is a structure involved.)
The Air enters through the mouth and nose. It enters the trachea (windpipe) and it carries inhaled air to narrow tubes called bronchi. Then it goes to the alveoli which are tiny sacs surrounded by capillaries—-> site of gas exchange. Then goes to the lung which encloses the alveoli, bronchioles, portions of the bronchi.
Explain how the diaphragm functions. (Hint: Explain the negative pressure and how it affects if air is moving in or out of the lungs.)
When you inhale the diaphragm moves down and the pressure is more negative. When the diaphragm relaxes air is exhaled because the negative pressure decreases.
Blood is a connective tissue consisting of cells and water. List and describe the three components of blood.
Blood consists of
1) platelets- are cell fragments that minimize blood loss
2) white blood cells - apart of the immune system
3) red blood cells- transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues with the help of hemoglobin (and transports CO2 from tissues to lungs)
CO2 is produced by cellular respiration and enters the red blood cells where it is quickly converted to _______ ions and protons, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme _________.
Bicarbonate ions , Carbonic anhydrase
Describe the three types of blood vessels.
1) Arteries- are tough and thick walled vessels that take blood away from the heart under high pressure.
2) Capillaries- the smallest vessels, thin walls allow gases and other molecules to be exchanged with tissues in networks called capillary beds.
3) veins- vessels that return blood to the heart under low pressure.
List the four chambers of the human heart. Which 2 receive blood from the body? Which 2 propel blood to the body?
The four chambers of that heart consist of the left and right atrium and the left and right ventricle.
The atriums receive blood returning from circulation.
The ventricle generate force to propel the blood through the system.
Describe the two separate pumping circuits, and where the blood flows to from the heart specifically.
The pulmonary circulation is a lower pressure transportation of blood from the heart to the lungs.
The systemic circulation is a higher-pressure transportation f=of the blood from the heart to the body.
List the flow of blood in humans through the specific chambers in the heart. (Hint: It begins with entering the right atrium!)
The pulmonary circuit begins in the right ventricle. Oxygen-poor blood is pumped out of the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries, which makes their way to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs. Then the CO2 is removed from the blood in the capillaries and oxygen is added. The oxygen rich blood travels in from the pulmonary capillaries to the pulmonary veins where they enter the left atrium of the heart then the left ventricle.
Describe in detail the pathway of blood through the pulmonary circuit.
Oxygen-poor blood is pumped out of the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries, which makes their way to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs. Then the CO2 is removed from the blood in the capillaries and oxygen is added. The oxygen rich blood travels in from the pulmonary capillaries to the pulmonary veins where they enter the left atrium of the heart then the left ventricle.
Describe in detail the pathway of blood through the systemic circuit.
The systemic circuit begins in the left ventricle. The oxygen rich blood is pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta (largest artery in the body) which delivers oxygen rich blood to capillaries of the entire body (except the lungs) the oxygen poor cells make their way to the superior and inferior vena cava. From the vena cava the oxygen poor cells are delivered to the right atrium of the heat then to the right ventricle starting the pulmonary circuit.
