Chapters 39 and 41 Flashcards
Where do heterotrophs obtain energy and nutrients from?
From other organisms
Define nutrients. What are examples of some nutrients?
- Substances an organism needs to remain alive
EX: amino acids, vitamins, minerals, electrolytes
Can essential nutrients be synthesized?
No, it must be obtained from food
List the 9 amino acids humans cannot synthesize.
Histidine, isoleucine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Lysine.
Define vitamins. What are the three examples of vitamins given in the notes?
Vitamins are organic compounds that are vital for health nut required in minute amounts, serve as coenzymes.
EX: B1, B12, and Vitamin C
List and explain the use of the three minerals given in the notes.
The three minerals are Calcium, Iron, and Magnesium. Calcium helps with teeth and bone formation, nerve signaling, and muscle response.
Fe or iron aids hemoglobin, ETC, enzyme cofactor
Mg helps the coenzyme factor.
List and explain the use of the three electrolytes given in the notes.
The three electrolytes are Na, K, and Cl. Na and K help the nerve signaling, muscle response. Cl helps fluid balance in cells, protein digestion in stomach.
Animal nutrition begins with ingestion. What are the three following steps?
Ingestion, then Digestion, Absorption, Elimination.
Explain the components of mechanical digestion found in the mouth. Name structures, functions, etc.
The mouth consists of teeth which help tear and grind food during chewing and a tongue which helps shape food into a ball and pushes it to the back of the mouth.
Chemical digestion occurs in the mouth as well. Explain which enzymes are found in the mouth, along with other possible substances.
Chemical digestion includes the salivary glands which has enzymes like amylase to digest starch and lipase to digest lipids. In the mouth there is also mucins which is used as a lubricant.
What type of molecule does amylase digest (breakdown)? What does lipase breakdown?
Amylase- starch
Lipase- lipids
How is food propelled down the esophagus?
By a wave of muscle contractions called peristalsis.
Lumen of the stomach is highly ______ (acidic/basic).
Acidic
The stomach is the site of protein digestion, done by the enzyme _________.
Pepsin
What do mucous cells secrete? What do parietal cells secrete? Chief cells?
Mucous cells secrete mucus.
Parietal cells secrete HCl.
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. (Inactive pepsin)
What converts pepsinogen into the active form of pepsin?
When pepsinogen is in the acidic environment in the stomach it will convert into the active pepsin.
Partially digested food from the stomach mixes with secretions from the _______ and
_____.
Pancreas and liver.
How does the small intestine specialize in absorption of nutrients by increasing surface area?
Because the Epithelial tissue lining the small intestine is folded with projections called villi, which have microvilli.
The pancreas produces hydrolytic enzymes. List the four hydrolytic enzymes, and what molecules each of them digest specifically.
1) Proteases - digest proteins/polypeptides
2) Nucleases - digest nucleic acids
3) Amylase - digest carbohydrates (starch)
4) Lipases - digest fats/ lipids
What does the liver produce? How does its product aid in digestion?
The liver produces bile salts. Bile salts aid in digestion because they act as emulsifying agents to form smaller droplets that make it easier for lipases to breakdown.
Describe the gallbladder’s function.
The gallbladder stores bile.
What is the overall function of the large intestine?
The large intestine absorbs water to compact waste to form feces.
Bacteria in the human colon produces several vitamins, such as vitamin ____.
Vitamin K
Breathing begins with ventilation. What are the three following steps? Explain all four of these steps in detail.
1) ventilation - movement of air through a specialized gas exchange organ (lungs)
2) gas exchange - CO2 and O2 diffuse between air and the blood at the respiratory surface
3) circulation- dissolved O2 and CO2 are transported throughout the body and gas exchanges occurs between blood and cells.
4) cellular respiration