Chaper 9 Flashcards
Define cellular respiration. What does it require? What does it produce?
Cellular Respiration converts the chemical energy off food molecules into chemical energy of ATP.
It requires oxygen.
It produces ATP.
Describe how energy flows through a system.
Energy Flows through a system by:
Solar energy —-> chemical energy of food —>chemical energy of ATP—-> heat
Describe how nutrients cycle through a system.
The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration, and vice versa. Nutrients cycle through a system by cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Define photosynthesis and cellular respirations/fermentation in terms of energy.
Photosynthesis is the energy acquisition (light energy —> chemical bond energy)
Cellular respiration/fermentation is energy release (chemical bond energy —-> ATP +heat)
Through what process in glucose used to make ATP in aerobic environments? What process is used in anaerobic environments?
Aerobic environment glucose is used in cellular respiration.
Anaerobic environment glucose is used in fermentation.
Carbon atoms of glucose are _____ (reduced/oxidized) to form what byproduct?
oxidized, to form CO2
Oxygen atoms in oxygen are ______ (reduced/oxidized) to form what byproduct?
Reduced, to form H2O
Write out the chemical formula for cellular respiration.
C6H12O6 +6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
List and describe the four steps of cellular respiration.
1) Glycolysis: glucose is broken down to pyruvate
2) Pyruvate processing: pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA.
3) Citric Acid Cycle: Acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2
4) Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis: Compounds reduced in steps 1-3 are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production.
Define what occurs during glycolysis. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
Glycolysis breaks glucose (6 carbon) into two pyrrhic acid molecules (3 carbon). Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
List the products (results) of glycolysis.
2 pyruvate molecules
2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to form NADH
4 molecules of ATP are formed by substrate level phosphorylation
Define substrate-level phosphorylation.
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs when enzymes transfer an inorganic phosphate from a substrate to ADP, forming ATP.
Where is pyruvate transported to after being formed in the cytosol?
It is transported to the mitochondria in the presence of O2.
Define what occurs during pyruvate processing. Where in the cell does this occur?
2 pyruvates (3C) molecules are oxidized to form 2-acety-CoA (2C) molecules. A NAD+ are reduced to form 2 NADH. 2 CO2 molecules are released as waste.
This occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
Describe the main process of the citric acid cycle. (Hint: what enters and what exits?)
The acetyl CoA produced in the pyruvate processing enters the citric acid cycle and are oxidized to make 2 molecules of CO2.
Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place?
Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
What are the three uses of the released potential energy from the citric acid cycle?
1) reduce NAD+ to NADH
2) Reduce FAD+ to FADH2
3) Phosphorylate GDP/ADP to form ATP (depending on the cell)
List the six steps of the citric acid cycle in detail.
1) 2 carbon molecule (acetyl CoA) joins a 4 carbon molecule to form citric acid.
2) 2 CO2 molecules exit as waste
3) Most of energy (from electrons) are captured by NADH
4) Some energy transfers ADP—> ATP
5) Remaining electrons are captured by FADH2
6) Any 4 carbon molecules in citric acid cycle are recycled and join another acetyl CoA forming citric acid.
(Not a question, just information)
Glucose oxidation includes three of the four steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle
Glucose oxidation (glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle) produces ATP, NADH, FADH, and CO2. How many of each are produced in total?
4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6CO2
Where in the mitochondria are the electron transport proteins located?
Located on the cristae (inner membranes of the mitochondria)
NAD+ pick up two____ (electron/hydrogen ion) and one ______ (electron/hydrogen ion) from glucose, and becomes reduced to______.
Electrons, hydrogen ion, reduced to NADH
What facilitates the transfer of electrons as they lose energy?
The electron transport chain facilitates the transfer of electrons as they lose energy.
What is the final result of this transfer of electrons? (Hint: What is the main goal of cellular respiration?)
The transfer of electrons activates electron transport proteins to make ATP.
