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Journals > Chapters 38-48 > Flashcards

Chapters 38-48 Flashcards

1
Q

El-Taliawi VS 20
Alternative to PSIS?

A

Allogenic fascia lata

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2
Q

Markley JAVMA 21
Injuries in agility dogs

A

40% injured
30% shoulder
20% iliopsoas
BORDER COLLIES (50%)

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3
Q

Gallaher VS 2018
NSAID effects on osteotomy healing

A

Long term administration had a NEGATIVE effect
Rads showed healing in dogs that received none of only 2 weeks of carprofen

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4
Q

Field VCOT 18
Quantitative and Quantitative measure on radiographic healing

A

moderate to strong correlation

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5
Q

Schrock VCOT 21
Gunshot fractures

A

41% distal long bone
26% proximal long bone
57% poor outcome - extensive ST trauma increased poor outcome likelihood

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6
Q

Salmelin VCOT 23
motor vehicle collision vs fell out of truck bed

A
  • MVC dogs had significantly more thoracic (26.9% MVC, 4.4% PTB) and abdominal (12.9% MVC, 0% PTB) trauma
  • Surgical treatments were performed significantly more often after PTB (71.6%) (MVC, 47.6%)
  • Discharge rate after PTB (95.0%) was significantly higher (
  • Aftercare was reported to be significantly more difficult after PTB
  • MVC and PTB result in significantly different trauma. PTB causes predominantly orthopaedic and integument injuries, whereas MVC results in thoracic and abdominal trauma. Survival to discharge is greater following PTB than MVC.
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7
Q

Hulse VS 1997
Plate with IM pin

A

● utilized 3.5 broad DCP with IM pin filling 50% medullary canal
● stress reduction in the plate/rod system was twofold (double the stiffness) compared to plate alone
● fatigue life of plate/rod increased 10-fold over plate alone

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8
Q

Hulse VCOT 2000
plate with IM pin

A

● recommends pin size 35-40% medullary canal width
● Percent stiffness increase with differing pin sizes (compared to 3.5 DCP alone): 6% increase for 30% pin; 40% for 40% pin; 78% for 50% pin

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9
Q

Roe VS 1997
Cerclage wires

A

● twist type cerclage generated less tension than loop-type cerclage
● double loop and double wrap generated more tension and resisted greater load before loosening

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10
Q

Marturello VS 20
Two small ILN comparison

A

● The I-Loc 4 had the smallest torsional compliance (TC) and angular deformation (AD) of all constructs
● The largest TC was seen with the LCP 2.0.
● The Targon 2.5 had the largest AD secondary to locking interface slippage
● Targon surrogates failure torque were the lowest of all groups
● Conversely, there was no difference between the failure torque of the I-Loc, LCP, and intact surrogates
● Conclusion: We showed that I-Loc nails provided greater torsional stability than size-matched Targon nails and LCPs
o Conversely, Targon 2.5 locking interface slippage may jeopardize that construct’s stability. Furthermore, the significantly reduced bone surrogate torsional strength provided evidence that the large Targon bolt holes increased the risk of post explantation iatrogenic fracture

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11
Q

Marturello VS 21
ILN in cat fx

A

● 50% femurs, 30% tibiae
● open reduction in 75%; MIO in 25%
● mean canal fill <50%
● average time to clinical union 7 weeks

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12
Q

Marturello VCOT 20
Cat fx and two ILN

A

● native bone and feline bone surrogates were similar for all measures
● smallest bending compliance and angular deformation was seen in I-loc 4
● largest bending compliance and angular deformation was LCP 2.0

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13
Q

Rubinos JFMS 22
Traumatic physical fx in cats

A

● distal femur most commonly; distal tibia second most common
● most commonly SH II; second most common was SH I fractures
● 15/37 premature physeal closure
● good outcome in 28 cats

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14
Q

Ferrero VCOT 20
Fixing locking plate system

A

● mean time to bone union 9 weeks
● major complications in 4/56

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15
Q

Thompson VS 20
Wire configuration - strongest?

A

In conclusion, the double loop was the best configuration in this study, primarily because of its substantially higher initial tension, which conferred the greatest resistance to load compared with the other three configurations

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16
Q

Butare - Smith VS 22
Wire cerclage

A

● all wires failed by loosening (twist knot by untwisting)
● double loop cerclage was tighter and better able to resist cycling than twist of single-loop cerclage

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17
Q

Kaczmarek VCOT 20
Polyaxial locking plate (NOT PAX) and influence of screw angle

A

● The PLS plates were on average 30% weaker than LCP plates
● Mode of failure was plate bending in the single cycle to failure tests, and plate breakage in the cyclic fatigue tests
The PLS plates feature partially threaded plate holes, which allow maintenance of the locking mechanism with screws inserted polyaxially up to 15° off axis

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18
Q

Kaczmarek VCOT 20
Polyaxial plate vs LCP

A

● mean thread connection for LCP was 29% before destructive testing; 19% after destructive testing
● mean connection for PLS was 16% before and 15% after destructive testing
○ when inserted monoaxially, was 14% before and 19% after testing

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19
Q

Bassanino VS 21
fx repair with polyaxial locking plate

A

● 2/40 complications seen, 1/40 required revision
● radiographic union in 95%
● delayed fracture healing (>60d) in 50% of cases
● one or more ancillary fixation methods used in 67% of cases
● PLS can result in high success; ancillary fixation should be strongly considered

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20
Q

Chang VCOT 18: preloaded position screw vs lag screw

A

● compared with lag screws, preloaded position screws tolerated greater torque in screw installation and provided greater interfragmentary compressive force
● lag screws failed by thread stripping

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21
Q

Muro VS 21:
Type 2 ESF vs LCP

A

● type II ESF were stiffer than LCP in mediolateral bending and axial compression
● LCP was stiffer in craniocaudal bending
● Overall Type II ESF were stiffer in mediolateral bending than craniocaudal bending
● Overall LCP was stiffer in craniocaudal bending than mediolateral bending

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22
Q

Nicety VCOT 19
supercutaneous plating

A

● 3 radial and 2 tibial fractures included - all treated with conical coupling locking plates (Fixin)
● 1 major (implant failure) and 1 minor (delayed union and iatrogenic recurvatum)
● All 5 fractures healed and patients were sound at long term follow up
● The advantages related to the minimally invasive approach and implant removal could make the supercutaneous plating (SCP) an alternative to the traditional external skeletal fixation.
Further clinical investigations are required before definitive treatment recommendations using this technique can be made

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23
Q

Walrus VCOT 18
1.5mm LCP properties

A

● In compression, the 1.5 LCP was stiffer than the 1.5 straight plate and had similar stiffness to the 1.5 stacked plates and the 2.0 straight plate
● Load at yield of the 1.5 LCP was slightly lower than the 1.5 straight plate
● In torsion, the 1.5 LCP and 1.5 straight plate had similar stiffness, but 1.5 LCP was slightly stronger than 1.5 straight
● 1.5 stacked plates and 2.0 straight were overall superior to the 1.5 LCP, but only marginally so for the stacked plates

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24
Q

Parlierne VCOT 18
locking plates in bending

A

● 3-screw constructs were stiffer than 2 screw
● Interfragmentary relative displacements were higher in 2 screw constructs
● No sig diff in number of cycles to failure btwn the constructs
● Failure in all constructs was d/t plate fracture at the level of the compression holes
● omission of the 3rd (innermost) locking screw led to a 20% reduction in construct stiffness

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25
Q

Parlierne VCOT 18
locking plates in compression

A

● 3 screw constructs were stiffer than 2 screw constructs
● number of cycles to failure of the 2 screw constructs was significantly lower than 3 screw constructs
● all constructs failed by plate bending
● omission of the 3rd (innermost) locking screw led to a 15% reduction in cycles to failure and 25% reduction of load before plastic deformation

26
Q

Nabholz VCOT 19
tarragon ILN

A

● use of fluoro did not lead to sig differences in any of the outcome measures
● Intraop comps predominantly occurred in distal humerus (37.5%) and prox femur (22%)
● Overall 21% comps with NO comps occurring in the tibia
● Neurovascular structures were only damaged at the medial distal humerus (31%)
● Concl: higher number of comps leading them to consider the humerus NOT SAFE for TVS

27
Q

Jung VCOT 20
Atraumatic Rigid Fixation system (ARIX)

A

ARIX locking system is much more sensitive to insertion torque than angle
● greater insertion torques (>1 Nm) can result in screw head stripping and plate hole deformation

28
Q

Bird VCOT 20
Notched locking t plate vs LCP

A

● LCP was stiffer than the notched head T plate in all planes of bending and torsion
● notched head T Plate had greater strain than LCP
● A 2.0 LCP with two screws in the short fragment was significantly stiffer and had lower plate strain than 2.0 mm notched head T plate with 3 screws in the short fragment
● extending working length reduced construct stiffness and increased plate strain

29
Q

Labrador VCOT 22
Extended CT Scale

A

ECTS identified all in vitro screw fractures with negligible screw fragment displacement and provided better screw assessment

30
Q

Kaczmarek VCOT 22
off axis insertion of locking screws

A
  • 3.5 LCP showed higher push-out strength than the 3.5 PLS when the screws were placed at 0 degree regardless of the insertion torque. The off-axis insertion of 3.5 LCP locking screws resulted in a significant decrease in push-out strength
31
Q

Mascellino VCOT 23
liberty lock system

A
  • Radiographic union was achieved in all 60 fractures with 55/60 healing without recorded complications. Major complications 4/60 and minor complication 1/60 rates were low and no catastrophic complications occurred. The most common major complication was surgical site infection.
  • LLS allowed for successful repair in all 60 cases with a wide variety of fractures. The LLS had a similar complication rate and time to radiographic union to that reported in other veterinary locking plate systems. The LLS is a reliable locking plate system which offers some advantages such as a low-profile plate with the ability to place non-polyaxial to angled polyaxial screws, to treat fractures in dogs and cats.
32
Q

Deprey VS 22
ILN vs LCP

A
  • The NAS-ILN showed greater stiffness in compression and 4-point bending, and a greater resistance to failure in compression, torsion, and 4-point bending, than LCP.
33
Q

Gremley VS 23
Grip location on k wires

A
  • A grip location of 2.0 cm in the 0.9 mm K-wire group minimized bend angle (mean ± SD: 75.92 ± 0.81) and bend radius (2.89 mm ± 0.08).
  • A grip location of 3.0 cm in the 1.1 mm K-wire group minimized bend angle (72.88 ± 0.98) and bend radius (2.47 mm ± 0.20).
  • A grip location of 3.0 cm minimized bend angle (74.38 ± 1.93) and bend radius (2.71 mm ± 0.27) in the 1.6 mm K-wire group.
  • Torque at these grip locations for the 0.9, 1.1, and 1.6 mm K-wires was 6.50 N-m ± 0.0, 11.00 N-m ± 0.0, and 19.05 N-m ± 0.16, respectively.
  • Bend angle and bend radius can be minimized by bending K-wires at specific grip locations, though torque is not minimized at these locations.
34
Q

Yeh JAVMA 21
Free form ESF for cats

A

● 93% successful outcome
● mean time to ESF removal 8 weeks
● 26% complication rate (6% major)
● associations with complications: body weight, tibial fracture, use of type 2 fixator, destabilization of construct
● utilized smooth K-wires as fixation pins; inserted without predrillling → K wires bent over to make column, PMMA placed as connecting bar

35
Q

Park VCOT 21
bidirectional insertion of ESF pins

A

unidirectional pin placement is recommended; repositioning of pins results in loss of peak pullout strength with tapered run out and positive profile pins with tapered run out and positive profile pins

36
Q

Beaver VCOT 18
PO comps with ESF

A

● 69% fixator-associated complications (67/97)
○ 40% pin-tract infections (38/97)
■ most common: femur, humerus, radius/ulna, pes
■ deep pin-tract infection common in manus and tibia
○ 18% Implant failure (17/97)
■ most common: tarsus
○ Transarticular frames were significantly more likely to develop a complication
○ Age signif associated with development of complications
● Region of ESF placement was significantly associated with complication development but not complication type
○ most common complication locations (underlined included in abstract,others were not):
■ 90% tarsus (9/10)
■ 89% manus (8/9)
■ 89% humerus (8/9)
● No associations between breed, sex, weight, fracture type (open or closed), ESF classification and the incidence or type of complications were identified.

37
Q

Prackova JFMS 22:
Safe corridors for cat ESF

A

same as dogs basically

38
Q

Sherman VS 23
ESF in MIO fashion for tibia fx

A
  • Intraoperative imaging was used in 40/55 (72%) of cases. Tibal plateau angle (TPA), tibial mechanical medial proximal and distal tibial angles (mMPTA and mMDTA, respectively) were not affected by intraoperative imag- ing (P = .344, P = .687, P = .418).
  • A total of 22 (40%) complications occurred. Of these, 18 were considered minor and 4 were considered major. Open fractures had more major complications than closed fractures (P = .019). All fractures reached radiographic union of the fracture.
  • The mean ± SD time to external fixator removal was 71 ± 48 days.
  • Linear ESF applied using minimally invasive techniques with or without intraoperative imaging was an effective treatment for nonarticular tib- ial fractures.
39
Q

Pozzi VS 21:
review of MIO

A

● DOES NOT CONCLUDE THAT MIO IS SUPERIOR TO OPEN FRACTURE STABILIZATION based on current literature

40
Q

Robinson VS 20
Most common fx to use MIO?

A

tibia

41
Q

Von Pfeil VS 20
Novel fragment stabilization system

A

Sirius minimally invasive bone reduction handle system (SMH system)
● essentially two Kern forceps with welded bars for attachment of SK clamps and a connecting bar
● The SMH system was more difficult and took longer, but resulted in smaller fracture gap

42
Q

Cabassu VCOT 19
Fx reduction under plate

A

● postoperative tibial and femoral lengths were <2% shorter than intact bone
● mean operated femoral procurvatum was 5% less postoperatively
● 12% (5/41) needed immediate surgical revision due to malalignemt, pin missing bone etc
● Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis with FRUP leads to acceptable postoperative alignment. Correct pin placement should be evaluated

43
Q

Perez-Nogues VS 18
water temp on curling fiberglass

A

warm water (42C) increases rate of curing and strength

44
Q

Wagoner VCOT 18
fiberglass vs thermoplas

A

● Fiberglass splints generally stiffer than Thermoplastic
● Differences in stiffness were not associated w signif differences in interfragmentary motion

45
Q

marshall VS 22
delayed/non/mal unions

A
  • delayed union occurred in 13.9% of fractures (64/461), non-union in 4.6% (21/461), and mal- union in 0.7% (3/461).
  • Risk factors for delayed or non-union were age; comminuted fracture; treatment with bone graft (all types); surgical site infection, and major implant failure
    o Older dogs, dogs with comminuted fractures, surgical site infection, or major implant failure were at increased odds of delayed or non-union.
    o Radius and ulna fractures in toy breed dogs were not at increased odds of delayed or non-union.
  • The identified risk factors should inform fracture plan- ning and prognosticating. The prognosis for radial fractures in toy breeds appears better than historically believed.
46
Q

Ree VS 18
Alternative to autogenous cancellous graft

A

autologous greater omentum
● Improvement in peak vertical force and vertical impulse was greater in dogs with omental grafts than bone grafts, beginning 3 weeks postop
● Radiographic healing occurred earlier in bones treated with oemntal graft (9 weeks omental graft; 12 weeks bone graft)
● Cortical bone density was higher in bone graft compared to omental graft group
● Bones retained more vessels when treated with omental graft compared to bone graft
● Omental graft accelerated bone healing and return to weight bearing in dogs

47
Q

Castilla VCOT 23
what can be used to help with bone regeneration

A
  • The rhBMP-2-treated bone underwent restoration of normal architecture and density. Acceptable limb function was present in all patients. The results of this study can serve as a basis for long-term response in treating nonunion fractures in veterinary patients.
48
Q

Shamir VS 19

A

● usage of the surgical guide resulted in smaller mean osteotomy divergence angles (<1* when using wedge) and smaller mean difference between wedge thickness (medial vs lateral segments; 0.3 mm when using wedge)
● standard CCWO resulted in 4* osteotomy divergence angle and 1.4 mm thickness difference
● deviation from the standard 20* wedge was higher when not using the guide (1.5* vs 0.5*)

49
Q

Longo VS 21

A

● both 3D volume rendering CT technique and axial CT techniques had good interrater agreement, no difference found between techniques
● mean internal tibial torsion angle -6*

50
Q

hall VS 19

A

● mean difference between target and achieved postoperative femoral torsion angle was 2*
● use of guides allowed accurate correction of femoral torsion in vivo but not femoral varus

51
Q

Neal VCOT 19
fixed angle wedge guide

A

● evaluated IMEX osteotomy guides vs standard wedges
● mean divergence angles when using the guide was 2; divergence angle was 3 when not using the guide
● No significant difference when comparing wedge angle or coplanarity with either method regardless of surgeon experience
● mean wedge angle when using the guide was significantly closer to measured reference angle

52
Q

Piccionello VCOT 202
cat angles

A

● mean aLPFA was 110*
● mean aLDFA was 92*
● mLPFA was 107*
● femoral neck anteversion was 122*
● Tibia:
● mMPTA was 93*
● mMDTA 100*
● mCrPTA 113
● TPA 23*
● mCdPTA 87*

53
Q

Carwardine VCOT 20
3D printed guides

A

● all limbs were corrected to within 3.5* of pre-planned correction in frontal plane and 7.5* of pre-planned correction in sagittal plane

54
Q

Banks VCOT 21
dachshund angles

A

● mMPTA 93; mMDTA 98; mCdPTA 75; mCrDTA 85

55
Q

Siri VCOT 20
hexapod ESF

A

● ability to perform correction in all 6 axes has a considerable advantage, especially in dogs with complex antebrachial deformities

56
Q

Worth VCOT 19
3D saw guide

A

● Accurate correction of rotational component of deformities with these guides needs work
● 5/7 limbs corrected in frontal plane (2/7 undercorrected)
● 5/7 limbs corrected in the sagittal plane (2/7 overcorrected)

57
Q

Cooley VS 18
assessment of overall thoracic limb alignment

A

rotation arising in the elbow of limbs with ALD was higher than normal limbs and accounted for greatest contribution of overall limb rotation; evaluation of radial torsion alone is insufficient to understand limb axial alignment

58
Q

Longo VS 22
femoral and tibial detorsional osteotomies

A
  • Major complications occurred in 2/22 cases
59
Q

Peterson VS 21
abx beads on deep SSI

A

● resolution of SSI was inconsistent (6/10)
● good for prevention of SSI (6/6 cases)

60
Q
A

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