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DANB RHS Exam (new) > Chapters 3-4: Radiation Biology and Radiation Protection > Flashcards

Chapters 3-4: Radiation Biology and Radiation Protection Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term: radiation biology

A

the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissues

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2
Q

Define the term: absorption

A

the total transfer of energy from the x-ray photon to the atoms of matter through which the x-ray beam passes

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3
Q

Define the term: ionizing radiation

A

radiation capable of producing ions

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4
Q

Define the term: ionization

A

the process of converting an atom into an ion, resulting in the formation of a positive atom and a dislodged negative electron

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5
Q

Define the term: exposure

A

a measure of ionization produced in the air by x-radiation or gamma radiation

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6
Q

Define the term: collimation

A

the restriction of the size and shape of the x-ray beam in order to reduce patient exposure

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7
Q

Define the term: image receptor

A

a recording medium (ex: PSP plates or digital sensors)

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8
Q

Define the term: imaging technique

A

the style and process of exposing image receptors (ex: paralleling, bisecting, panoramic)

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9
Q

Define the term: primary beam

A

the penetrating x-ray beam produced at the target of the anode and exits the x-ray tubehead

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10
Q

Define the term: scatter radiation

A

a form of secondary radiation that results from an x-ray beam that has been deflected from its path by the interaction with matter

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11
Q

What are considered exposure factors?

A

factors that influence the diagnostic quality of an image (ex: kilovoltage, milliamperage, exposure time settings)

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12
Q

Define the term: diagnostic image

A

a dental image that allows for the identifying and monitoring of diseases or injuries

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13
Q

Define the term: non-diagnostic image

A

an image that has undergone exposure or technique errors that cannot be used in the proper diagnosis of disease or injuries, and must be retaken

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14
Q

List the two mechanisms of radiation injury.

A
  1. ionization
  2. free radical formation
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15
Q

Explain the ionization mechanism of radiation injury.

A
  1. x-rays are a form of ionizing radiation that interact with and are absorbed by tissues
  2. the kinetic energy caused during absorption can cause further ionization
  3. these chemical changes can result in biologic damage to cells
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16
Q

Define the term: free radical

A

an uncharged, neutral atom or molecule that exists with a dingle, unpaired electron in its outermost shell

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17
Q

What is the primary mechanism of radiation injury in dental imaging?

A

free radical formation

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18
Q

List the two theories of radiation injury.

A
  1. direct theory
  2. indirect theory
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19
Q

What is the direct theory of radiation injury?

A

cell damage results when ionizing radiation directly hits critical areas within th ecell

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20
Q

What is the indirect theory of radiation injury?

A

x-ray photons are absorbed within the cell and cause the formation of toxins, which in turn damage the cell

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21
Q

Which theory of radiation injury is the least likely to occur in dental imaging?

A

direct theory

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22
Q

Define the term: radiation injury

A

biologic effects on tissues as a result of the exposure to radiation

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23
Q

True or false: All ionizing radiations are harmful and produce biologic damage.

A

True

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24
Q

What is the purpose of a dose-response curve?

A

to correlate the response or damage of tissues with the dose or amount of radiation recieved

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25
Q

List the two types of radiation effects on human tissue.

A
  1. stochastic effects
  2. nonstochastic effects
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26
Q

What are stochastic effects of radiation?

A
  • biologic effects of radiation that occur as a direct function of dose
  • the probability of occurence increases with increasing absorbed dose; however, the severity of effects does not depend on the magnitude of absorbed dose
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27
Q

What are nonstochastic effects of radiation?

A

effects of radiation that have a threshold and increase in severity with increasing absorbed dose

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28
Q

Leukemia and other types of cancers are examples of which type of radiation effect?

A

stochastic effects

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29
Q

Cataract formation, decreased fertility and radiation sickness are all examples of whihc type of radiation effect?

A

nonstochastic effects

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30
Q

After exposure, what are the next steps in radiation injury?

A
  1. latent period
  2. period of injury
  3. recovery period
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31
Q

What is the latent period in radiation injury?

A

the time that elapses between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of observable clinical signs

32
Q

What determines the length of the latent period in radiation injury?

A

the total dose of radiation or the rate/total time of radiation

33
Q

What is the period of injury in radiation injury?

A
34
Q

What is the recovery period of radiation injury?

A
35
Q

Define the term: cumulative effects of radiation

A
36
Q

List the five factors that can influence the effects of radiation injury.

A
  1. total dose
  2. dose rate
  3. amount of tissue irradiated
  4. cell sensitivity
  5. age
37
Q

Define the term: total dose

A
38
Q

Define the term: dose rate

A
39
Q

What are short-term effects of radiation?

A
  • effects that are seen within minutes, days or weeks
  • associated with larger amounts of radiation absorbed in a short period of time
40
Q

Exposure to a nucleur accident or atomic bomb would induce what type of radiation effects?

A

short-term effects

41
Q

What is acute radiation syndrome (ARS)?

A

a short term effect of radiation that includes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, and hemorrhage

42
Q
A
42
Q

Which type of radiation effect is not applicable in dentistry?

A

short-term effects

43
Q

What are long-term effects of radiation?

A
  • effects that appear years, decades, or generations after exposure
  • associated with small amounts of radiation absorbed repeatedly over a long period of time
44
Q

Birth abnormalities and genetic defects are examples of which type of radiation effect?

A

long-term effects

45
Q

Define the term: somatic cells

A
46
Q

Define the term: somatic effects

A
47
Q

Define the term: genetic cells

A
48
Q

Define the term: genetic effects

A
49
Q

Define the term: cell

A
50
Q

Define the term: radiosensitive cell

A
51
Q

Define the term: radioresistant cell

A
52
Q

How is the response of a cell to radiation exposure determined?

A
  • mitotic activity
  • cell differentiation
  • cell metabolism
53
Q

Define the term: mitotic activity

A
54
Q

Define the term: cell differentiation

A
55
Q

Define the term: cell metabolism

A
56
Q

What cells are considered radiosensitive?

A

blood cells, immature reproductive cells, young bone cells, and the small lymphoctye

57
Q

What cells are considered radioresistant?

A

bone, muscle, and nerve cells

58
Q

Define the term: critical organ

A
59
Q

What are considered critical organs in dental imaging?

A
  • thyroid gland
  • bone marroe
  • skin
  • lens of the eye
60
Q

What are the three quantiites of measurement in radiation?

A
  1. exposure
  2. dose
  3. dose equivalent
61
Q

What is the name of the current system of radiation measurement?

A

International System of Units (SI System)

62
Q

Define the term: coulomb (C)

A
63
Q

Define the term: dose

A
64
Q

Define the term: gray (Gy)

A
65
Q

Define the term: dose equivalent

A
66
Q

What is quality factor (QF)?

A
67
Q

Define the term: sievert (Sv)

A
68
Q

What is background radiation?

A
69
Q

List examples of background radiation.

A
  • radon in the air
  • cosmic rays from outer space and the sun
  • radioactive potassium in food and water
  • radioactive material in the human body
70
Q

What is the greatest source of background radiation in the United States?

A

radon gas in the soil

71
Q

What is artificial/human-made radiation?

A

radiation caused by modern technology

72
Q

What is medical radiation?

A

radiation exposure for medical diagnosis and treament

73
Q

Define the term: risk

A
74
Q

How can your choice of image receptor affect the patient’s exposure and dose?

A

using digital sensors can reduce the exposure time by 50-90% compared to conventional radiography

75
Q

How can collimation affect the patient’s exposure and dose?

A

exposure can be reduced by 60-70% when using a rectangular collimator instead of a round collimator

76
Q

How can your imaging technique affect the patient’s exposure and dose?

A

using the paralleling technique and increasing the target-receptor distance reduces the dose

DANB RHS Exam (new) (5 decks)

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