Chapters 3, 4, 6, and 21

Question 1

association

Answer 1

the finding that a condition is correlated with/related to something else

Question 2

cause and effect

Answer 2

a finding that demonstrates that a condition causes a particular event

Question 3

clinical trial

Answer 3

a study design in which one group of randomly assigned patients receives an active treatment and the other receives an inactive treatment (placebo)

Question 4

control group

Answer 4

subjects in a study who do not get the experimental treatment

Question 5

double blind

Answer 5

a study in which neither the subjects nor the scientist know which group is receiving the experimental treatment

Question 6

epidemiological study

Answer 6

research that seeks to identify conditions related to particular evens within a population - does not show cause and effect relationship

Question 7

experimental group

Answer 7

subjects in a study who get the experimental treatment

Question 8

hypothesis

Answer 8

a statement made prior to initiating a study of a relationship sought to be tested

Question 9

meta-analysis

Answer 9

an analysis of data from multiple studies - a larger sample is more reliable

Question 10

peer review

Answer 10

evaluation of the scientific merit of research or scientific reports by experts in the area under review

Question 11

placebo

Answer 11

a “sugar pill,” and imitation treatment given to subjects in research

Question 12

placebo effect

Answer 12

changes in health or perceived health that result from expectations that a “treatment” will produce an effect on health

Question 13

statistically significant

Answer 13

research findings that likely represent a true or actual result and not one due to chance

Question 14

% daily value

Answer 14

scientifically agreed upon standards of daily intake of nutrients from the diet developed for use on nutrition labels

Question 15

enrichment

Answer 15

the replacement of the thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron lost when grains are refined

Question 16

fortification

Answer 16

the addition of one or more vitamins and/or minerals to a food product

Question 17

food additives

Answer 17

any substances added to food that become part of the food or affect the characteristics of the food. the term applies to both intentional and unintentional additions

Question 18

dietary supplement

Answer 18

any product intended to supplement the diet, including vitamins, minerals, proteins, enzymes, herbs, hormones, and organ tissues. must be labeled “dietary supplement”

Question 19

COOL labels

Answer 19

country-of-origin labels

Question 20

dietary pattern

Answer 20

the quantities, proportions, variety, or combination of different foods, drinks, and nutrients in diets, and the frequency with which they are habitually consumed (eating patterns)

Question 21

adequate diets

Answer 21

a diet consisting of foods that together supply sufficient protein, vitamins, and minerals and enough calories to meet a persons need for energy

Question 22

essential nutrients

Answer 22

substances the body requires for normal growth and health but cannot manufacture in sufficient amounts; they must be obtained in diet

Question 23

variety

Answer 23

a diet consisting of many different foods from all of the food groups

Question 24

balanced diet

Answer 24

a diet that provides neither too much nor too little of nutrients and other components of food such as fat and fiber

Question 25

macronutrients

Answer 25

the group name for carbs, protein, fat, and water, called “macronutrients” because we need relatively large amounts of them in our daily diet

Question 26

added sugars

Answer 26

sugars that are either added during processing, or packaged into foods and include sugars (free, mono, disaccharides), syrups, naturally occurring sugars, and other calorie “sweeteners”

Question 27

hypertension

Answer 27

high blood pressure

Question 28

trans fats

Answer 28

a type of unsaturated fatty acid produced by the addition of hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid

Question 29

phytochemicals

Answer 29

biologically active, or “bioactive,” substances in plants that have positive effects on health (phytonutrients)

Question 30

zoochemicals

Answer 30

chemical substances in animal foods, some of which may be biologically active in the body

Question 31

antioxidants

Answer 31

chemical substances that prevent or repair damage to cells caused by oxidizing agents such as pollutants, ozone, smoke, and reactive oxygen

Question 32

age-related macular degeneration

Answer 32

eye damage caused by oxidation of the macula, the central portion of the eye that allows you to see details clearly

Question 33

cruciferous family

Answer 33

sulfur-containing vegetables whose outer leaves form a cross (crucifix)