Chapters 3, 4, 6, and 21 Flashcards
association
the finding that a condition is correlated with/related to something else
cause and effect
a finding that demonstrates that a condition causes a particular event
clinical trial
a study design in which one group of randomly assigned patients receives an active treatment and the other receives an inactive treatment (placebo)
control group
subjects in a study who do not get the experimental treatment
double blind
a study in which neither the subjects nor the scientist know which group is receiving the experimental treatment
epidemiological study
research that seeks to identify conditions related to particular evens within a population - does not show cause and effect relationship
experimental group
subjects in a study who get the experimental treatment
hypothesis
a statement made prior to initiating a study of a relationship sought to be tested
meta-analysis
an analysis of data from multiple studies - a larger sample is more reliable
peer review
evaluation of the scientific merit of research or scientific reports by experts in the area under review
placebo
a “sugar pill,” and imitation treatment given to subjects in research
placebo effect
changes in health or perceived health that result from expectations that a “treatment” will produce an effect on health
statistically significant
research findings that likely represent a true or actual result and not one due to chance
% daily value
scientifically agreed upon standards of daily intake of nutrients from the diet developed for use on nutrition labels
enrichment
the replacement of the thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron lost when grains are refined
fortification
the addition of one or more vitamins and/or minerals to a food product
food additives
any substances added to food that become part of the food or affect the characteristics of the food. the term applies to both intentional and unintentional additions
dietary supplement
any product intended to supplement the diet, including vitamins, minerals, proteins, enzymes, herbs, hormones, and organ tissues. must be labeled “dietary supplement”
COOL labels
country-of-origin labels
dietary pattern
the quantities, proportions, variety, or combination of different foods, drinks, and nutrients in diets, and the frequency with which they are habitually consumed (eating patterns)
adequate diets
a diet consisting of foods that together supply sufficient protein, vitamins, and minerals and enough calories to meet a persons need for energy
essential nutrients
substances the body requires for normal growth and health but cannot manufacture in sufficient amounts; they must be obtained in diet
variety
a diet consisting of many different foods from all of the food groups
balanced diet
a diet that provides neither too much nor too little of nutrients and other components of food such as fat and fiber
macronutrients
the group name for carbs, protein, fat, and water, called “macronutrients” because we need relatively large amounts of them in our daily diet
added sugars
sugars that are either added during processing, or packaged into foods and include sugars (free, mono, disaccharides), syrups, naturally occurring sugars, and other calorie “sweeteners”
hypertension
high blood pressure
trans fats
a type of unsaturated fatty acid produced by the addition of hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid
phytochemicals
biologically active, or “bioactive,” substances in plants that have positive effects on health (phytonutrients)
zoochemicals
chemical substances in animal foods, some of which may be biologically active in the body
antioxidants
chemical substances that prevent or repair damage to cells caused by oxidizing agents such as pollutants, ozone, smoke, and reactive oxygen
age-related macular degeneration
eye damage caused by oxidation of the macula, the central portion of the eye that allows you to see details clearly
cruciferous family
sulfur-containing vegetables whose outer leaves form a cross (crucifix)
