Chapters 20 and 23

Question 1

vitamins

Answer 1

components of food required by the body in small amounts for growth and health maintenance

Question 2

coenzymes

Answer 2

chemical substances that activate specific enzymes. activated enzymes increase the rate at which reactions take place in the body, such as the breakdown of fats or carbs in the small intestine, and the conversion of glucose and fatty acids into energy within cells

Question 3

precursor

Answer 3

in nutrition, a nutrient that can be converted into another nutrient

Question 4

antioxidants

Answer 4

chemical substances that prevent or repair damage to cells caused by exposure to free radicals

Question 5

free radicals

Answer 5

chemical substances (usually oxygen) that are missing an electron. the absence of the electron makes the chemical substance reactive and prone to oxidizing nearby atoms or molecules by stealing an electron from them

Question 6

minerals

Answer 6

in the context of nutrition, minerals are specific simple atoms that perform particular functions in the body. there are 15 essential nutrients

Question 7

cofactors

Answer 7

individual minerals required for the activity of certain proteins

Question 8

remodeling

Answer 8

the breakdown and buildup of bone tissue

Question 9

osteoporosis

Answer 9

a condition characterized by porous bones due to loss of minerals in bones

Question 10

hemoglobin

Answer 10

the iron-containing protein in red blood cells

Question 11

myoglobin

Answer 11

the iron-containing protein in muscle cells

Question 11

myoglobin

Answer 11

the iron-containing protein in muscle cells

Question 12

iron deficiency

Answer 12

a disorder that results from a depletion of iron stores in the body. it’s characterized by weakness, fatigue, short attention span, poor appetite, increased susceptibility to infection, and irritability

Question 13

iron deficiency anemia

Answer 13

a condition that results when the content of hemoglobin in red blood cells is reduced due to lack of iron. it is characterized by the signs of iron deficiency plus paleness, exhaustion, and rapid heart rate

Question 14

water balance

Answer 14

the ratio of the amount of water outside cells to the amount inside cells; a proper balance is needed for a normal functioning cell

Question 15

hypertension

Answer 15

high blood pressure (exceeding 140/90 mm Hg)

Question 16

prehypertension

Answer 16

in adults, blood pressure levels of 120/80 - 139/89. in children, a systolic or diastolic blood pressure equal to or greater than the 90th percentile but less than the 95th percentile

Question 17

essential hypertension

Answer 17

hypertension of no known cause; also called primary or idiopathic hypertension. accounts for 90-95% of all hypertensions cases

Question 18

salt-sensitivity

Answer 18

a genetically influenced condition in which a person’s blood pressure rises when large amounts of salt or sodium are consumed. such individuals are sometimes identified by blood pressure increases of 10% or more when switching from a low salt to a high salt diet