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Chemistry > Chapters 3 & 21- Atoms and Nuclear Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapters 3 & 21- Atoms and Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Which Greek supported the particle theory of matter?

A

Democritus

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2
Q

What did Democritus call nature’s basic particle?

A

An atom

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3
Q

What does atom mean in greek?

A

Indivisible

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4
Q

What did Aristotle believe about the nature of matter?

A

All matter was continuous

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5
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass

A

Mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes.

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6
Q

Who reason that elements were composed of atoms in the early eighteen hundreds?

A

John Dalton

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7
Q

Define an atom.

A

The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.

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8
Q

What is a cathode ray tube?

A

A vacuum tube that transmits a beam of electricity from the negative (cathode) end to the positive (anode) end when a voltage is applied.

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9
Q

What experiment did JJ Thomson do with a cathode ray tube?

A

He applied a magnetic field to the cathode ray. The cathode ray was attracted to positive charges in the magnetic field, meaning that the cathode rays are streams of negatively charged particles.

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10
Q

What did JJ Thomson discover?

A

The electron

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11
Q

What did Robert Millikan do?

A

He used an oil drop apparatus to determine the charge and mass of an electron.

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12
Q

What is the mass:mass ratio of an electron to a hydrogen atom?

A

1/1840

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13
Q

Describe Thomson’s “plum pudding” model of the atom

A

An atom is a sphere of uniform positive charge in which electrons reside

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14
Q

Describe the experiment Rutherford performed to test the plum pudding model.

A

He measured alpha particles deflection through a thin gold foil. He observed that some alpha particles deflected at large angles or bounce straight back.

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15
Q

What were the results of Rutherford’s experiment?

A

Since the alpha particles were repelled by another positively charged thing, he created the nucleus

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16
Q

Describe Rutherford’s model of the atom.

A

Atoms are mostly empty space. Most of an atom’s mass is at the center in the nucleus. Positively charged particles in the nucleus are protons. Electrons move in the empty space.

17
Q

What particle inside the nucleus of an atom has no charge?

A

Neutrons

18
Q

What is an atomic number

A

The number of protons and electrons in each atom of an element.

19
Q

What is a mass number

A

The total number of protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus of an atom.

20
Q

What is an isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that have different masses (have different numbers of neutrons)

21
Q

How do you calculate the average atomic mass of isotopes

A

Multiply element # by percent (making sure u moved the decimal 2 spots) and adding with another

22
Q

What is radioactive decay

A

Spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a lighter nucleus with release of particles or electromagnetic radiation

23
Q

Why isn’t the atomic mass the same if the number of protons and neutrons is always a whole number on the periodic table

A

The atomic mass is the weighted average of the naturally occurring isotopes

24
Q

What is an alpha particle

A

Two protons and two neutrons bounced together, emitted from the nucleus

25
Q

What is a beta particle

A

A neutron turns into a proton and an electron, the electron is admitted

26
Q

What is a gamma ray

A

A high energy electromagnetic wave emitted from a nucleus usually after an alpha or beta particle practice

27
Q

How dangerous is an alpha particle

A

Not very, it’s the weakest and its stopped by a piece of paper.

28
Q

How dangerous is a beta particle

A

Can damage the skin, stopped by aluminum

29
Q

How dangerous are gamma reyes

A

Very, can go through the body, stopped by dense material like lead or concrete

30
Q

What is an alpha particle equal to

A

A helium nucleus ⁴He
²

31
Q

What is a half-life of a radioactive isotope?

A

The time it takes for half of an isotope’s radioactive atoms to decay

32
Q

What is nuclear fission

A

A heavy nucleus splits into stable nuclei. Releases a lot of energy

33
Q

What is nuclear fusion

A

Low-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier stable, nucleus. Releases more energy than nuclear fission

Chemistry (10 decks)

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