Chapters 27 & 28

Question 1

myco-

Answer 1

fungus

Question 2

rhiza-

Answer 2

root

Question 3

symbiosis

Answer 3

a close association b/w two unlike organisms that is beneficial to one or both of them

Question 4

rhizobium

Answer 4

mutualistic bacteria; produce nodules on host plants in legume family; fix N2 into a useable form for plants (NH4); alpha proteobacteria; carry Sym plasmid

Question 5

mycorrhizae

Answer 5

mutualistic fungi; live in close association w/ plant roots; extend surgace area and length of roots; protection from disease and toxins

Question 6

mutualism

Answer 6

when two organisms “work together”; both benefit from relationship

Question 7

how does rhizobium benefit plants?
how do the bacteria benefit

Question 8

examples of the intimate interactions b/w rhizobia and their host plant

Answer 8

how do mycorrhizae help plants?
how do the fungi benefit?

Question 9

describe two major types of mycorrhizae

how common and important are these associations?

Answer 9

endomycorrhizae: grow inside plant cells; most common type = Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM); form on most Angiosperms

ectomycorrhizae: grow around and b/w plant cells (outside); mostly form on trees

Question 10

nodulation

Answer 10

1. rhizobia are attracted to flavonoids
2. rhizobia attach to root hair
3. an infection thread forms, bacteria enter root cells
4. bactera –> bacteriods; packed root cells enlarge
5. enlarged root cells form a nodule

Question 11

leghemoglobin

Question 12

Sym plasmid

Answer 12

genes for host-specific nodulation and for N fixation genes

Question 13

mycelium

Answer 13

vegetative part of a fungus colony; consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae

Question 14

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM)

Question 15

ectomycorrhizae

Answer 15

plants, most trees; can degrade complex organic matter; live in soil as saprotrophs; most trees are **obligately ectomycorrhizal **(need them to survive)

Question 16

hartig net

Question 17

carbon cycle

Question 18

role of microorganisms in carbon cycle

Question 19

nitrogen cycle

Question 20

roles of microorganisms in nitrogen cycle

Question 21

ammonification

Question 22

nitrification

Question 23

denitrification

Question 24

nitrogen fixation

Question 25

how can ecological community exist w/o light energy

Question 26

how are microbes involved in the production of greenhouse gases?

Question 27

greenhouse gases

Answer 27

produced by both human activities and microbes

Question 28

what kind of microbes produce greenhouse gases

why and under what conditions

Question 29

examples of greenhouse gases

Question 30

methanogenesis

Question 31

methanogenesis is carried out exclusively by…

Answer 31

Methanogenic Archaea

Question 32

aerobic methane oxidation

Question 33

anaerobic methane oxidation

Question 34

what are the major types of mircrobes fermented in foods

Question 35

what is their role in the process

Question 36

yeast

Question 37

lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

Question 38

acetic acid bacteria (AAB)

Question 39

filamentous fungi

Question 40

propionibacterium

Question 41

zymomonas