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Microbiology - BIO 211 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

taxonomy

A

science of classifying organisms

shows degree of similarity among organisms

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2
Q

systematics

phylogeny

A

the study of the evolutionary history of organisms

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3
Q

linnaeus (1735)

A

discovered kingdoms, plantae, and animalia

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4
Q

murray (1968)

A

introduced kingdom of prokaryote

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5
Q

whittaker (1969)

A

five-kingdom system

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6
Q

the three domains

A

bacteria, archaea (methanogens, extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles) & eukarya (animals, plants, fungi)

developed by woese in 1978; based on sequences of nucleotides in rRNA

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7
Q

conserved

A

DNA passed on from ancestors

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8
Q

prokaryotic, lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments, composed of branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage, first amino acid in protein synthesis: methionine, not sensitive to antibiotics

A

characteristics of archaea

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9
Q

prokaryotic, contains peptidoglycan, composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage, first amino acid in protein synthesis: formylmethionine, sensitive to antibiotics

A

characteristics of bacteria

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10
Q

eukaryote, varies in composition, contains carbohydrates, composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage, first amino acid in protein synthesis: methionine, not sensitive to antibiotics

A

characteristics of eukarya

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11
Q

scientific nomenclature

A

common names vary with languages and geography

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12
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

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13
Q

taxa/on

A

subdivisions used to classify organisms, e.g., domain, kingdom, phylum

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14
Q

natural classification system

A

groups organisms based on ancestral relationships and allows us to see the order in life

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15
Q

Carl von Nageli (1800s)

A

proposed that baceria and fungi be placed in the plant kingdom

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16
Q

Ernst Haeckel

A

proposed Kingdom Protista includes bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi

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17
Q

methanogens

A

strict anaerobes that produc methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen

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18
Q

extreme halophiles

A

require high concentrations of salt for survivial

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19
Q

hyperthermophiles

A

normally grow in extremely hot environments

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20
Q

molecular clock

A

an evolution timeline based on nucleotide sequences in organisms

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21
Q

genus

A

the first name of the scientific name; the taxon b/w family and species

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22
Q

specific epithet

species

A

the second or species name in a scientific binomial

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23
Q

eukaryotic species

A

a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

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24
Q

family

A

a taxonomic group between order and genus

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25
Q

order

A

a taxonomic classification b/w class and family

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26
Q

class

A

a taxonomic group between phylum and order

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27
Q

phylum

A

a taxonomic classification b/w kingdom and class

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28
Q

kindgom

A

a taxonomic classification b/w domian and phylum

29
Q

domain

A

a taxonomic classification based on rRNA sequences; above the kingdom level

30
Q

prokaryotic species

A

a population of cells with similar characterisitics

31
Q

clone

A

a population of cells dervied from a single parent cell

32
Q

strain

A

genetically different cells within a clone

33
Q

clade

A

a group of organisms that share a particular common ancestor; a branch on a cladogram

34
Q

Fungi Kingdom includes…

A

unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, macroscopic species (mushrooms)

35
Q

Plantae Kingdom includes…

A

mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

36
Q

Animalia Kingdom includes…

A

sponges, various worms, insects, and vertebrates

37
Q

viral species

A

a population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

38
Q

viruses are…

A

obligatory intracellular parasites; not a part of any domain; not composed of cells; require host cell

39
Q

three hypotheses on origin of viruses

A
  1. arose from independently replicating strands of nucleic acids
  2. developed from degenerative cells that gradually lost the ability to survive independently but could survive when associated with another cell
  3. coevolved with host cells
40
Q

Bergey’s Manual

A

provides indentification schemes based on critieria like cell wall composition, morphology, differential staining, oxygen requirements, and biochemical testing

41
Q

1937

A

prokaryote introduced to distinguish cells without a nucleus

42
Q

all organisms evolved from cells that formed over…

A

3 billion years ago

43
Q

mutations accumulated in the genomes serve as a…

A

molecular clock

44
Q

protista

A

a catchall kingdom for a variety of organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic

grouped into clades based on rRNA

45
Q

fungi

A

chemoheterotrophic; uni/multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments

46
Q

plantae

A

multicellular; cellulose cell walls; undergo photosynthesis

47
Q

animalia

A

multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic

48
Q

morphological characteristics

A

useful for identifying eukaryotes; tell little about phylogenetic relationships

49
Q

differential staining

A

gram-staining, acid-fast staining; not useful for bacteria w/o cell walls

50
Q

biochemical tests

A

determine presence of bacterial enzymes

51
Q

serology

A

science that studies serum and immune responses in serum

52
Q

antigenic

A

stimulate the body to form antibodies in the serum

53
Q

antiserum

A

a solution of antibodies is tested against an unknown bacterium

54
Q

slide agglutination test

A

bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria

agglutinate = join together

55
Q

serological testing

A

can differentiate b/w species and strains within species

56
Q

DNA base composition

A

guanine + cytosine %; GC + AT = 100%; two organisms that are closely related have similar amounts of various bases

57
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests of an organism’s DNA; comparing fragments from different organisms provides information on genetic similarites and differences

58
Q

nucleic acid hybridization

A

measures the ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another organism

59
Q

rapid identificaiton methods

A

bacterial indentification tools that perform several biochemical tests simultaneously

60
Q

numerical identification

A

bacterial identification schemes in which test values are assigned a number

61
Q

serovar

aka serotype

A

a variation within a species

62
Q

biovar

aka biotype

A

a subgroup of serovar based on biochemical or physiological properties

63
Q

phage typing

A

a test for determining to which phages a bacterium is susceptible

64
Q

bacteriophages

aka phages

A

bacterial viruses that usually cause lysis of the bacterial cells they infect

65
Q

fatty acid profiles

aka fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)

A

identification of microbes by the presence of specific fatty acids

66
Q

flow cytometry

A

can be used to identify bacteria within a sample w/o culturing the bacteria; method of counting cells using a flow cytometer, which detects cells by the presence of a fluorescent tag on the cell surface

67
Q

nucleic acid amplification tests

aka NAATs

A

test to identify an organism w/o culturing by making copies of nucleic acid sequences that are specific for the organism being detected

use PCR, reverse-trancription PCR, and real-time PCR

68
Q

southern blotting

A

a technique that uses DNA probes to detect the presence of specific DNA in restriction fragments seperated by electrophoresis

69
Q

DNA probe

A

a short, labeled, single strand of DNA and RNA used to locate its complementary strand in a quantity of DNA

Microbiology - BIO 211 (4 decks)

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