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Microbiology - BIO 211 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

taxonomy

A

science of classifying organisms

shows degree of similarity among organisms

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2
Q

systematics

phylogeny

A

the study of the evolutionary history of organisms

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3
Q

linnaeus (1735)

A

discovered kingdoms, plantae, and animalia

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4
Q

murray (1968)

A

introduced kingdom of prokaryote

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5
Q

whittaker (1969)

A

five-kingdom system

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6
Q

the three domains

A

bacteria, archaea (methanogens, extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles) & eukarya (animals, plants, fungi)

developed by woese in 1978; based on sequences of nucleotides in rRNA

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7
Q

conserved

A

DNA passed on from ancestors

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8
Q

prokaryotic, lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments, composed of branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage, first amino acid in protein synthesis: methionine, not sensitive to antibiotics

A

characteristics of archaea

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9
Q

prokaryotic, contains peptidoglycan, composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage, first amino acid in protein synthesis: formylmethionine, sensitive to antibiotics

A

characteristics of bacteria

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10
Q

eukaryote, varies in composition, contains carbohydrates, composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage, first amino acid in protein synthesis: methionine, not sensitive to antibiotics

A

characteristics of eukarya

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11
Q

scientific nomenclature

A

common names vary with languages and geography

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12
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

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13
Q

taxa/on

A

subdivisions used to classify organisms, e.g., domain, kingdom, phylum

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14
Q

natural classification system

A

groups organisms based on ancestral relationships and allows us to see the order in life

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15
Q

Carl von Nageli (1800s)

A

proposed that baceria and fungi be placed in the plant kingdom

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16
Q

Ernst Haeckel

A

proposed Kingdom Protista includes bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi

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17
Q

methanogens

A

strict anaerobes that produc methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen

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18
Q

extreme halophiles

A

require high concentrations of salt for survivial

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19
Q

hyperthermophiles

A

normally grow in extremely hot environments

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20
Q

molecular clock

A

an evolution timeline based on nucleotide sequences in organisms

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21
Q

genus

A

the first name of the scientific name; the taxon b/w family and species

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22
Q

specific epithet

species

A

the second or species name in a scientific binomial

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23
Q

eukaryotic species

A

a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

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24
Q

family

A

a taxonomic group between order and genus

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25
order
a taxonomic classification b/w class and family
26
class
a taxonomic group between phylum and order
27
phylum
a taxonomic classification b/w kingdom and class
28
kindgom
a taxonomic classification b/w domian and phylum
29
domain
a taxonomic classification based on rRNA sequences; above the kingdom level
30
prokaryotic species
a population of cells with similar characterisitics
31
clone
a population of cells dervied from a single parent cell
32
strain
genetically different cells within a clone
33
clade
a group of organisms that share a particular common ancestor; a branch on a cladogram
34
Fungi Kingdom includes...
unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, macroscopic species (mushrooms)
35
Plantae Kingdom includes...
mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants
36
Animalia Kingdom includes...
sponges, various worms, insects, and vertebrates
37
viral species
a population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche
38
viruses are...
obligatory intracellular parasites; not a part of any domain; not composed of cells; require host cell
39
three hypotheses on origin of viruses
1. arose from independently replicating strands of nucleic acids 2. developed from degenerative cells that gradually lost the ability to survive independently but could survive when associated with another cell 3. coevolved with host cells
40
Bergey's Manual
provides indentification schemes based on critieria like cell wall composition, morphology, differential staining, oxygen requirements, and biochemical testing
41
1937
prokaryote introduced to distinguish cells without a nucleus
42
all organisms evolved from cells that formed over...
3 billion years ago
43
mutations accumulated in the genomes serve as a...
molecular clock
44
protista
a catchall kingdom for a variety of organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic | grouped into clades based on rRNA
45
fungi
chemoheterotrophic; uni/multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments
46
plantae
multicellular; cellulose cell walls; undergo photosynthesis
47
animalia
multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic
48
morphological characteristics
useful for identifying eukaryotes; tell little about phylogenetic relationships
49
differential staining
gram-staining, acid-fast staining; not useful for bacteria w/o cell walls
50
biochemical tests
determine presence of bacterial enzymes
51
serology
science that studies serum and immune responses in serum
52
antigenic
stimulate the body to form antibodies in the serum
53
antiserum
a solution of antibodies is tested against an unknown bacterium
54
slide agglutination test
bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria | agglutinate = join together
55
serological testing
can differentiate b/w species and strains within species
56
DNA base composition
guanine + cytosine %; GC + AT = 100%; two organisms that are closely related have similar amounts of various bases
57
DNA fingerprinting
electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests of an organism's DNA; comparing fragments from different organisms provides information on genetic similarites and differences
58
nucleic acid hybridization
measures the ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another organism
59
rapid identificaiton methods
bacterial indentification tools that perform several biochemical tests simultaneously
60
numerical identification
bacterial identification schemes in which test values are assigned a number
61
serovar | aka serotype
a variation within a species
62
biovar | aka biotype
a subgroup of serovar based on biochemical or physiological properties
63
phage typing
a test for determining to which phages a bacterium is susceptible
64
bacteriophages | aka phages
bacterial viruses that usually cause lysis of the bacterial cells they infect
65
fatty acid profiles | aka fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)
identification of microbes by the presence of specific fatty acids
66
flow cytometry
can be used to identify bacteria within a sample w/o culturing the bacteria; method of counting cells using a flow cytometer, which detects cells by the presence of a fluorescent tag on the cell surface
67
nucleic acid amplification tests | aka NAATs
test to identify an organism w/o culturing by making copies of nucleic acid sequences that are specific for the organism being detected | use PCR, reverse-trancription PCR, and real-time PCR
68
southern blotting
a technique that uses DNA probes to detect the presence of specific DNA in restriction fragments seperated by electrophoresis
69
DNA probe
a short, labeled, single strand of DNA and RNA used to locate its complementary strand in a quantity of DNA

Microbiology - BIO 211 (4 decks)

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