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Microbiology - BIO 211 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genes

A

segment of DNA that codes for a functional product (proteins)

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2
Q

genetics

A

the scientific study of heredity

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3
Q

genome

A

all the genetic information in an organism; all of an organisms chromosomes

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4
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

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5
Q

genomics

A

study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions

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6
Q

central dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> protein

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7
Q

main difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded

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8
Q

what is the start codon

A

AUG

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9
Q

what are the stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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10
Q

structure of DNA

A

double helix, antiparallel, nucleotides added at 3’ end

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11
Q

direction of DNA synthesis

A

5’ to 3’; added at 3’ end

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12
Q

what is the charge of DNA

A

negative; due to oxygen and phosphates

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13
Q

first step of DNA replication

A

gyrase relaxes supercoiling and helicase unwinds double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds; forming replication fork

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14
Q

lagging strand synthesis

A

synthesixe short RNA primers using primase; extended by DNA polymerase; polymerase digests primers and replaces with DNA; ligase stitches fragments together

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15
Q

leading strand synthesis

A

continuous in 5’ to 3’ direction

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16
Q

okazaki fragments

A

shorts lengths of single-stranded DNA made on the lagging strand

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17
Q

leading strand vs lagging strand

A

leading strand is synthesized continuously while lagging strand is in okazaki fragments that are synthesized in segments

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18
Q

antisense strand

A

viral RNA that cannot act as mRNA

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19
Q

sense strand

A

viral RNA that can act as mRNA

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20
Q

tRNA

A

type of RNA molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosomal site where they are incorporated into proteins (transfer RNA)

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21
Q

mRNA

A

type of RNA molecule that directs the incorporation of amino acids into proteins (messenger RNA)

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22
Q

rRNA

A

type of RNA molecule that forms ribosomes (ribosomal RNA)

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23
Q

RNA polymerase

A

synthesizes RNA molecules from DNA template during transcription

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24
Q

how is transcription terminated

A

when RNA polymerase reaches terminator sequence and falls off DNA

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25
Q

process of transcription

A

-RNA polymerase binds to promoter
-unwinds double helix of DNA
-one DNA strand acts as template for synthesis of RNA
-polymerase puts free nucleotides together forming RNA chain
-moves along DNA
-RNA reaches terminator, transcription ends

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26
Q

components needed for translation

A

ribosomes come together and mRNA has codons that pairs to anticodons on tRNA that carries a specific anticodon

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27
Q

how is bacterial transcription/translation different from eukaryotes

A

everything happens in cytoplasm in bacteria b/c there is no membrane bound nucleus

28
Q

exon

A

region of DNA molecule that codes for specific RNAs

29
Q

introns

A

regions of DNA molecule that do not code for RNA; between exons
INtrons INterfere

30
Q

snRNP function

A

take transcribed RNA and remove the intron-derived RNA and splice together exon-derived RNA into mRNA, then mRNA goes to cytoplasm for translation

31
Q

what are snRNP’s

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins; function as part of a spliceosome

32
Q

operons

A

genes with related functions; allow efficient regulation of cellular activities according to environmental conditions; common in bacteria, rare in eukaryotes

33
Q

promoters

A

target sequences for the binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

34
Q

operators

A

segment of DNA that controls transcription of protein-coding genes

35
Q

constitutive genes

A

a gene that is transcribed continually as opposed to a facultative gene; always ON

36
Q

structure of inducible operon

A

consists of promoter and operator sites and structural genes that code for the protein; regulated by the product of the regulatory gene

37
Q

when the inducer allolactose binds to the repressor protein, the inactivated repressor can no longer black the transcription so…

A

genes are transcribed, resulting in the production of enzymes for lactose catabolism

38
Q

structure of a repressible operon

A

structural genes are transcribed (ON) until they are turned off by an abundance of end product

39
Q

the end product acts as…

A

a corepressor to form an active repressor protein

40
Q

what are the main components of catabolite repression

A

cAMP, CAP, and lac promoter

41
Q

catabolite repression

A

when glucose is available, genes that participate in the metabolism of other sugars are repressed, glucose unavailability leads to the build-up of cAMP that binds to catabolite activator protein and then CAP binds to lac promoter initiating transcription and allowing the cell to use lactose

42
Q

epigenetic control of gene expression

A

the attachment or removal of chemical groups to or from DNA or histone proteins, which determines whether a gene is on or off
i. e. methylating nucleotides, turn genes off and can be passed on

43
Q

riboswitch

A

a site on the leader sequence of an mRNA molecule that interacts with substrate, causing a change in the folding pattern of the leader sequence, thus altering translation

44
Q

non-nucleolytic repression mechanism

A

in the on state, substrate is not bound, and ribosomes are able to bind to mRNA - thiM and btuB riboswtiches

45
Q

nucleolytic repression mechanism

A

in the on states, substrate is not bound and degredosomes are not bound, ribosomes are bound, lysC riboswitch

46
Q

main function of microRNAs

A

base pair with mRNA to make it double stranded, making it enzymatically destroyed, similar to interfering RNA

47
Q

different types of point mutations

A

silent (no amino acid change), missense (change in single amino acid), nonsense (change amino acid to a stop codon)

48
Q

what are frame shift mutations

A

one base pair is added or deleted; everything shifts; most of amino acids will change; one of the worst mutations

49
Q

how does photolyase work

A

breaks covalent bonds b/w thymines, restores them w/o existing nucleotides, uses visible light to split dimer

50
Q

how does nucleotide excision repair work

A

damaged area is ‘cut out’ about 30 nucleotides long and is discarded, resynthesis is performed using the opposite strand as a template using a bulky 10 protein complex

51
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

flow of genetic information from one generation to the next; mendelian

52
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

transfer of genes b/w cells of the same generation, thru mobile genetic elements: transposons, viruses, and plasmids

53
Q

plasmids

A

small loops of extra DNA that aren’t part of the chromosome; contains genes for things like drug resistance and can be passed b/w bacteria

54
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability of a microorganism to cause disease

55
Q

function of conjugative plasmid

A

carries around for sex pili and transfer of plasmid

56
Q

function of dissimilation plasmid

A

encode enzymes for the catabolism of unusual compounds

57
Q

process of conjugation in bacteria

A

when plasmids are transferred from one bacterial to another through cell to cell contact via sex pili

58
Q

what are donor cells

A

cells that carry the plasmid (F factor) and are called F+ cells

59
Q

what happens when an F factor becomes integrated

A

it makes the F cell a high frequency recombination cell (Hfr)

60
Q

how do recombinant F- cells form

A

when an Hfr donor passes a portion of its chromosome into an F- recipient

61
Q

transposons

A

segments of DNA that can move from one region of DNA to another

62
Q

how do transposons work

A

DNA transposons move from one genomic location to another by a cut and paste mechanism

63
Q

how does transduction work

A

DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell via bacteriophage ( or just a phage, viruses that infect bacteria)

64
Q

generalized transduction

A

occurs in which any region of bacterial DNA can be transferred

65
Q

specialized transduction

A

occurs when only DNA at the lysogenic attachment site is transferred (carries phage and bacterial DNA)

66
Q

why are sticky ends important

A

they allow two pieces of DNA to be joined together

67
Q

how is DNA semiconservative

A

the new cell gets hybrid DNA with one original DNA strand from parent plus newly synthesized strand

Microbiology - BIO 211 (4 decks)

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