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Microbiology - BIO 211 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

genes

A

segment of DNA that codes for a functional product (proteins)

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2
Q

genetics

A

the scientific study of heredity

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3
Q

genome

A

all the genetic information in an organism; all of an organisms chromosomes

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4
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

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5
Q

genomics

A

study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions

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6
Q

central dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> protein

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7
Q

main difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded

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8
Q

what is the start codon

A

AUG

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9
Q

what are the stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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10
Q

structure of DNA

A

double helix, antiparallel, nucleotides added at 3’ end

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11
Q

direction of DNA synthesis

A

5’ to 3’; added at 3’ end

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12
Q

what is the charge of DNA

A

negative; due to oxygen and phosphates

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13
Q

first step of DNA replication

A

gyrase relaxes supercoiling and helicase unwinds double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds; forming replication fork

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14
Q

lagging strand synthesis

A

synthesixe short RNA primers using primase; extended by DNA polymerase; polymerase digests primers and replaces with DNA; ligase stitches fragments together

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15
Q

leading strand synthesis

A

continuous in 5’ to 3’ direction

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16
Q

okazaki fragments

A

shorts lengths of single-stranded DNA made on the lagging strand

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17
Q

leading strand vs lagging strand

A

leading strand is synthesized continuously while lagging strand is in okazaki fragments that are synthesized in segments

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18
Q

antisense strand

A

viral RNA that cannot act as mRNA

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19
Q

sense strand

A

viral RNA that can act as mRNA

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20
Q

tRNA

A

type of RNA molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosomal site where they are incorporated into proteins (transfer RNA)

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21
Q

mRNA

A

type of RNA molecule that directs the incorporation of amino acids into proteins (messenger RNA)

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22
Q

rRNA

A

type of RNA molecule that forms ribosomes (ribosomal RNA)

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23
Q

RNA polymerase

A

synthesizes RNA molecules from DNA template during transcription

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24
Q

how is transcription terminated

A

when RNA polymerase reaches terminator sequence and falls off DNA

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25
process of transcription
-RNA polymerase binds to promoter -unwinds double helix of DNA -one DNA strand acts as template for synthesis of RNA -polymerase puts free nucleotides together forming RNA chain -moves along DNA -RNA reaches terminator, transcription ends
26
components needed for translation
ribosomes come together and mRNA has codons that pairs to anticodons on tRNA that carries a specific anticodon
27
how is bacterial transcription/translation different from eukaryotes
everything happens in cytoplasm in bacteria b/c there is no membrane bound nucleus
28
exon
region of DNA molecule that codes for specific RNAs
29
introns
regions of DNA molecule that do not code for RNA; between exons INtrons INterfere
30
snRNP function
take transcribed RNA and remove the intron-derived RNA and splice together exon-derived RNA into mRNA, then mRNA goes to cytoplasm for translation
31
what are snRNP's
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins; function as part of a spliceosome
32
operons
genes with related functions; allow efficient regulation of cellular activities according to environmental conditions; common in bacteria, rare in eukaryotes
33
promoters
target sequences for the binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription
34
operators
segment of DNA that controls transcription of protein-coding genes
35
constitutive genes
a gene that is transcribed continually as opposed to a facultative gene; always ON
36
structure of inducible operon
consists of promoter and operator sites and structural genes that code for the protein; regulated by the product of the regulatory gene
37
when the inducer allolactose binds to the repressor protein, the inactivated repressor can no longer black the transcription so...
genes are transcribed, resulting in the production of enzymes for lactose catabolism
38
structure of a repressible operon
structural genes are transcribed (ON) until they are turned off by an abundance of end product
39
the end product acts as...
a corepressor to form an active repressor protein
40
what are the main components of catabolite repression
cAMP, CAP, and lac promoter
41
catabolite repression
when glucose is available, genes that participate in the metabolism of other sugars are repressed, glucose unavailability leads to the build-up of cAMP that binds to catabolite activator protein and then CAP binds to lac promoter initiating transcription and allowing the cell to use lactose
42
epigenetic control of gene expression
the attachment or removal of chemical groups to or from DNA or histone proteins, which determines whether a gene is on or off i. e. methylating nucleotides, turn genes off and can be passed on
43
riboswitch
a site on the leader sequence of an mRNA molecule that interacts with substrate, causing a change in the folding pattern of the leader sequence, thus altering translation
44
non-nucleolytic repression mechanism
in the on state, substrate is not bound, and ribosomes are able to bind to mRNA - thiM and btuB riboswtiches
45
nucleolytic repression mechanism
in the on states, substrate is not bound and degredosomes are not bound, ribosomes are bound, lysC riboswitch
46
main function of microRNAs
base pair with mRNA to make it double stranded, making it enzymatically destroyed, similar to interfering RNA
47
different types of point mutations
silent (no amino acid change), missense (change in single amino acid), nonsense (change amino acid to a stop codon)
48
what are frame shift mutations
one base pair is added or deleted; everything shifts; most of amino acids will change; one of the worst mutations
49
how does photolyase work
breaks covalent bonds b/w thymines, restores them w/o existing nucleotides, uses visible light to split dimer
50
how does nucleotide excision repair work
damaged area is 'cut out' about 30 nucleotides long and is discarded, resynthesis is performed using the opposite strand as a template using a bulky 10 protein complex
51
vertical gene transfer
flow of genetic information from one generation to the next; mendelian
52
horizontal gene transfer
transfer of genes b/w cells of the same generation, thru mobile genetic elements: transposons, viruses, and plasmids
53
plasmids
small loops of extra DNA that aren't part of the chromosome; contains genes for things like drug resistance and can be passed b/w bacteria
54
pathogenicity
ability of a microorganism to cause disease
55
function of conjugative plasmid
carries around for sex pili and transfer of plasmid
56
function of dissimilation plasmid
encode enzymes for the catabolism of unusual compounds
57
process of conjugation in bacteria
when plasmids are transferred from one bacterial to another through cell to cell contact via sex pili
58
what are donor cells
cells that carry the plasmid (F factor) and are called F+ cells
59
what happens when an F factor becomes integrated
it makes the F cell a high frequency recombination cell (Hfr)
60
how do recombinant F- cells form
when an Hfr donor passes a portion of its chromosome into an F- recipient
61
transposons
segments of DNA that can move from one region of DNA to another
62
how do transposons work
DNA transposons move from one genomic location to another by a cut and paste mechanism
63
how does transduction work
DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell via bacteriophage ( or just a phage, viruses that infect bacteria)
64
generalized transduction
occurs in which any region of bacterial DNA can be transferred
65
specialized transduction
occurs when only DNA at the lysogenic attachment site is transferred (carries phage and bacterial DNA)
66
why are sticky ends important
they allow two pieces of DNA to be joined together
67
how is DNA semiconservative
the new cell gets hybrid DNA with one original DNA strand from parent plus newly synthesized strand

Microbiology - BIO 211 (4 decks)

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