Chapters 26-27 Flashcards
1
Q
Who won the presidential election of 1928?
A
Herbert Hoover
2
Q
Who was the Democratic candidate in the election of 1928 and the first Roman Catholic to seek the Presidency?
A
Alfred E. Smith
3
Q
What created easy credit?
A
installment plans
4
Q
What are risky investments for the chance of making quick profit?
A
speculation
5
Q
Besides speculation, what was another form of risky investment?
A
buying on margin
6
Q
On what day did the stock market crash?
A
October 29, 1929, “Black Tuesday”
7
Q
What system’s interference in the free market contributed to the severity of the Great Depression?
A
Federal Reserve System; contracted the money supply
8
Q
What is the name for the region of the Great Plans, western Kansas, Oklahoma, and the panhandle of Texas during the Depression?
A
“Dust Bowl”
9
Q
What was perhaps the best-known work of propaganda to come from the Great Depression? Who wrote it?
A
John Steinbeck’s “The Grapes of Wrath”
10
Q
Who was awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1930?
A
Sinclair Lewis
11
Q
Name three prominent poets of the 1930s.
A
Carl Sandburg (“The People, Yes”), Robert Frost, T.S. Eliot
12
Q
Name four regional writers during the 1930s.
A
Thomas Wolf, William Faulkner, Margaret Mitchell (“Gone With the Wind”), Pearl S. Buck (“The Good Earth”)
13
Q
Name two leading playwrights of the 1930s.
A
Thornton Wilder, Clarence Day
14
Q
Name three popular patriotic songs from the Depression era.
A
“God Bless America” (written by Irving Berlin and popularized by Kate Smith), “This Is My Country,” and “This Land is Your Land”
15
Q
Why did President Hoover refuse to support programs for direct federal relief to the unemployed?
A
He realized that allowing people to become dependent on government assistance could only destroy individual initiative, or “rugged individualism.”
16
Q
What was the largest and most impressive public project constructed during the Hoover Administration?
A
Hoover Dam, which created Lake Mead (115 miles long)
17
Q
What was the highest tariff in the nation’s peacetime history?
A
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
18
Q
What was the only country to eventually pay her full war debt (WWI) to the US?
A
Finland
19
Q
What issue played a major role in the Presidential election of 1932?
A
the issue of government relief programs
20
Q
Who won the Presidential election of 1932 and was the last President to be inaugurated on March 4?
A
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
21
Q
What was the name of FDR’s program for economic recovery?
A
“New Deal”
22
Q
What amendment ended the “lame duck” sessions of Congress?
A
the 20th Amendment
23
Q
What name was given to the special session of Congress which lasted from March 9 to June 16 right after FDR’s inauguration?
A
“Hundred Days”
24
Q
What name was given to Roosevelt’s closest advisers?
A
“Brain Trust”
25
What British economist's theories did Roosevelt's advisers advocate?
John Maynard Keynes
26
Who was the first woman to be appointed to a cabinet position?
Frances Perkins
27
Who was one of FDR's chief advisers?
Eleanor Roosevelt
28
What were Roosevelt's "Three R's"?
Relief, Recovery, Reform
29
What is it called when depositors lose confidence in a bank and rush to withdraw their money?
bank runs
30
What act gave the President broad power to control banking policies and to reopen banks as he saw fit?
Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933)
31
What action shook the public's confidence in the U.S. monetary system?
taking the country off the gold standard
32
What act in 1933 called for more government regulation of agriculture?
Agriculture Adjustment Act
33
What was established to control wages and prices and to limit competition among businesses while encouraging labor organizations?
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
34
What administration released large sums of tax money to state and local agencies for direct relief of the unemployed?
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
35
What was perhaps the most far-reaching of all New Deal undertakings?
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
36
What amendment repealed prohibition in 1933?
21st Amendment
37
What foreign government did the US officially recognize in 1933?
Communist government in Russia
38
What liberal Democratic senator called for heavy estate taxes that would redistribute wealth to the masses?
Huey ("Kingfish") Long
39
What act passed in 1935 created a government fund for unemployment and old-age insurance?
The Social Security Act (1935)
40
What was established to protect the stated rights of unions and to mediate labor-management disputes?
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
41
Who organized and became the first president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)?
John L. Lewis
42
Who became the first and only President to serve more than two successive terms in office?
FDR
43
WWII alliance among Germany, Italy, and Japan
Axis Powers
44
WWII alliance among the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and China
Allies
45
In what failed meeting did Germany plead with the other nations of the League of Nations to reduce their armaments to the level set for Germany?
Geneva Conference
46
What compounded international tensions?
spiritual blindness
47
What does the USSR stand for?
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
48
Who assumed fill control of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union in 1927? What program did he launch?
Joseph Stalin; "Five-Year Plans"
49
Definition: forcing small private farms to band together into large collective farms managed by the state
Term: collectivize
50
What dictator seized control of the government in Italy in 1922?
Benito Mussolini
51
What form of socialism exercises total control of political, economic, cultural, religious, and social activities, permitting some private enterprise but strictly regulating privately-owned businesses?
fascism
52
Who proclaimed himself to be "Der Fuhrer" and transformed Germany into a totalitarian state? What did he call his government?
Adolf Hitler; the Third Reich
53
What was another name for the National Socialist German Worders' Party?
Nazi Party
54
What was the name of Hitler's autobiography?
Mein Kampf
55
Who was one of the few that recognized the threat that Hitler and Nazi Germany posed to the free world?
Winston Churchill
56
What tradition did the militarists in Japan follow?
the tradition of the samurai, or warrior class
57
What country began the wage of aggression which plunged the world into a second world war?
Japan
58
Who was the Nationalist Chinese leader?
Chiang Kai-shek
59
Who was the Communist Chinese leader?
Mao Tse-tung
60
Who led the "Flying Tigers" and aided Chiang Kai-shek in the Chinese civil war?
Claire Chennault
61
What was the name of the volunteer squadron of American airmen who flew sorties against the Japanese and fought them in the air against incredible odds?
"Flying Tigers"
62
Who was the emperor of Ethiopia?
Haile Selassie I
63
What country did Mussolini invade in 1935?
Ethiopia
64
What country became a proving ground for WWII?
Spain
65
In the revolution against Spain's socialist government that turned into a civil war, what general was supported by Germany and Italy, defeated the Communist forces, and established a dictatorship in 1939?
Francisco Franco
66
What alliance was formed among Germany, Italy, and Japan in 1940?
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
67
What agreement dismembered Czechoslovakia and gave the Sudetenland to Germany?
Munich Pact (1938)
68
Who represented Britain and France at the signing of the Munich Pact?
Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and Premier Edouard Daladier
69
What country invaded Albania in 1939?
Italy
70
What did Hitler demand from Poland?
Polish Corridor and Danzig
71
What was the German fortification in the West built to oppose the French Maginot Line?
Seigfried Line
72
On what date did the Nazis invade Poland?
September 1, 1939
73
On what date did Britain and France declare war on Germany?
September 3, 1939
74
Definition: "lighting war"
Term: blitzkrieg
75
Where did the Russians slay over 10,000 Polish officers?
Katyn Forest
76
Two of Germany's most infamous concentration camps in Poland
Treblinka and Auschwitz
77
Definition: "sitting-down war"
sitzkrieg
78
What were Nazi sympathizers in Norway called?
"Fifth-Columnists"
79
What was the name of Germany's air force?
Luftwaffe
80
Who was installed as the head of the Nazi puppet government in Norway?
Vidkun Quisling
81
Where was the British Royal Air Force able to hold off the Germans just long enough for British and French soldiers and crafts to escape across the Channel to safety in England?
Dunkirk
82
Who surrendered to the Germans on June 22, 1940?
The French, under Marshall Petain
83
Where was the French government that collaborated with the Germans located?
Vichy, France
84
Who led the Free French government?
Charles de Gaulle
85
What was Hitler's plan to invade and conquer Britain called?
Operation Sea-Lion
86
Who became Prime Minister of Great Britain after Chamberlain resigned?
Winston Churchill
87
Who won the Battle of Britain (London Blitz)?
The British Royal Air Force (RAF)
88
Who led the Afrika Korps that reconquered all the territory in Africa lost by the Italians to the British and began to menace Egypt anew?
Field Marshal Erwin Rommel ("Desert Fox")
89
Name Russia's two "allies" during the German invasion.
"General Mud" and "General Winter"
90
Who organized the "America First Committee" in an effort to keep the US out of a general European war?
Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh
91
What act adopted the "cash-and-carry" principle for dealing with warring nations?
Neutrality Act of 1937
92
What Secretary of State sent forceful notes to every foreign office in the world after the Japanese invasion of China in 1937?
Cordell Hull
93
What act sacrificed the principle of "freedom of the seas" while trying to keep America out of war?
Neutrality Act of 1939
94
What act declared that any means of defense, including warships, which belonged to a friendly belligerent could be refitted or repaired in the United States?
Lend-Lease Act (March 1941)
95
What U.S. gunboat on the Yangtze River was bombed and sunk by Japanese airmen in December 1937?
Panay
96
Who led the extremely militaristic army-controlled ministry in Japan?
General Hideki Tojo
97
On what date did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor?
December 7, 1941
98
Three ways Americans dealt with shortages during the war years
"ration books," victory gardens, scrap drives
99
What board was devoted to production during the war?
War Production Board (WPB)
100
What was the name of the wartime cabinet created in May 1943?
Office of War Mobilization (OWM)
101
Two organizations that allowed women to serve for the first time in the armed forces
the Women's Army Corps (WACS) and WAVES (women's branch of the Navy)
102
Two of Irving Berlin's most popular songs during the war years?
"God Bless America" and "White Christmas"
103
Who was appointed as commander of the Allied forces in Europe?
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
104
What became the affectionate nickname for the average American soldier?
GI ("Government Issue")
105
Name the campaign to catch Rommel's troops in North Africa between the American and British armies.
Operation Torch
106
Who led the British Eighth Army during Operation Torch in North Africa?
General Bernard L. Montgomery
107
On what date did Italy surrender to the Allies?
September 18, 1943
108
Where was Hitler's 1942 summer offensive crushed by the Russians?
Stalingrad
109
What was the beginning of the end for the war in Europe? Give the date and location.
D-Day (June 6, 1944) (Normandy)
110
Name the battle in Belgium between the Germans and four weak American divisions.
the Battle of the Bulge
111
On what date did the Germans surrender to the Allies?
May 7, 1945
112
Give the date for V-E Day.
May 8, 1945
113
What American fighter unit was the first to sink a German destroyer single-handedly?
The Fighting Red Tails
114
Who became the first black commander of the 99th Fighter Squadron?
Colonel Benjamin O. Davis
115
Name the two American island outposts that fell to Japan immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Guam and Wake
116
Who was the American general in command of the defense of the Philippines?
General Douglas MacArthur
117
Where did the remainder of MacArthur's forces retreat to after he proclaimed Manila an open city?
the Bataan Peninsula
118
What was the fortified island which guarded the entrance to Manila Bay?
Corregidor
119
What was the forced march of American prisoners from Bataan and Corregidor to prison camps called?
Bataan Death March
120
What American regiment was made up of Japanese-American soldiers and earned the distinction of being the most decorated infantry unit in all of the U.S. Army?
Nisei
121
What was the last land route into China that was cut by Japan?
Burma Road
122
Who led the bombing raid against Tokyo and other Japanese cities in 1942?
Colonel "Jimmy" Doolittle
123
What was the first naval battle in history in which the opposing vessels did not sight one another?
The Battle of the Coral Sea
124
What naval battle was the turning point of the war in the Pacific?
Midway
125
What battle was the beginning of the Allied counteroffensive in the South Pacific?
Guadalcanal
126
What was the Allied strategy in the Pacific called?
island-hopping
127
Who concentrated his forces in the Central Pacific to crack the Japanese fortress?
Admiral Chester Nimitz
128
What island was the keystone of Japanese defenses?
Saipan
129
In what Battle did the Japanese navy make a desperate attempt to stop the invasion of Saipan?
Battle of the Philippine Sea
130
In what battle did the Japanese lose almost all of their remaining ships and planes?
Battle of Leyte Gulf
131
What two weapons hastened Japan's collapse?
American B-29s and submarines
132
On what volcanic island was some of the most desperate fighting in human history?
Iwo Jima
133
What battle was even more intense than the struggle for Iwo Jima?
Okinawa
134
What were pilots flying suicide planes loaded with explosives called?
kamikazes
135
Who became President after FDR's death in 1945?
Harry S. Truman
136
Who succeeded Churchill as the British leader during the Potsdam Conference?
Clement Atlee
137
What was the name of the declaration that called upon the Japanese to surrender unconditionally and laid plans for the occupation of Germany?
Potsdam Declaration
138
What was the largest research and scientific effort of its day?
Manhattan Project
139
Who wrote a letter to President Roosevelt, warning him that the Germans might produce and atomic bomb?
Albert Einstein
140
Name three scientists who worked on developing the atomic bomb for the US.
Enrico Fermi, Edward Teller, J. Robert Oppenheimer
141
What was the primary reason for the atomic bomb being developed in the US instead of in Germany?
Germany's persecution of the Jews and America's willingness to protect the Jews
142
What Japanese cities were destroyed by atomic bombs?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
143
Who was the emperor of Japan when Japan lost WWII?
Emperor Hirohito
144
What is the date for V-J Day?
September 2, 1945
145
What was the worldwide death toll for WWII?
60 million
146
Name the three largest Nazi concentration camps.
Dachau, Treblinka, Auschwitz
147
Who was Hitler's Reich Marshall?
Hermann Goring
148
Who was the commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp?
Rudolf Hoss
149
How many Jews were slaughtered by the Nazis during WWII?
6 million Jews
150
Discussions at what conference in 1943 centered on the fate of liberated countries and the need for a postwar international peace-keeping organization?
Tehran Conference
151
Where were many of the Nazi leaders put on trial after the war?
Nuremberg, Germany
152
Where did FDR appear at his last conference with Churchill and Stalin?
Yalta
153
What war began as WWII came to an end?
Cold War
154
Where were more concrete plans for a United Nations drawn up?
Dumbarton Oaks (near Washington, D. C.)
155
When and where was a charter for the United Nations drafted?
April 12, 1945; San Francisco
156
What is the purpose of the UN's General Assembly?
The General Assembly meets at least once each year and makes recommendations on international problems to the Security Council.
157
What part of the UN can take action on certain questions if any nine members are in favor of the proposal?
Security Council
158
A permanent member of the UN Security Council has what power to block an action?
veto power
159
What part of the UN was created to study economic and social problems and to make recommendations to the General Assembly, individual nations, and the UN's specialized agencies?
the Economic and Social Council
160
What are some of the specialized agencies of the UN?
UNESCO, World Bank, WHO
161
What branch of the UN is headed by the Secretary-General?
The Secretariat
162
Who is the chief administrative officer of the UN?
Secretary-General
163
Name the three blocs of UN member nations.
the free world, the Communist world, and the Afro-Asian (Third) world
164
What is the greatest indignity perpetrated by the UN?
The ousting of Free China and its replacement by Communist China in 1971
