Chapters 20/21 (Industrialization, Revolution, and Reform) Flashcards

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1
Q

A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.

A

Industrial Revolution

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2
Q

Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.

A

Iron Law of Wages

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3
Q

English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.

A

Factory Acts

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4
Q

Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.

A

Class-Consciousness

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5
Q

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.

A

The Mines Act of 1842

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6
Q

published in 1844 The Condition of the Working Class in England
future revolutionary and colleague of Karl Marx

A

Friedrich Engels

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7
Q

was a German philosopher during the 19th century. He worked primarily in the realm of political philosophy and was a famous advocate for communism. He wrote The Communist Manifesto

A

Karl Marx

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8
Q

In his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), he examined the dynamics of human populations.

human populations tend to outgrow their agricultural production capabilities, resulting in famines and other disasters.

A

Thomas Malthus

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9
Q

founder of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement, was a textile manufacturer, philanthropist and social reformer,

The guy that made those cities that didn’t work

efforts resulted in a series of British Factory Acts

A

Robert Owen

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10
Q

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.

A

The Luddites

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11
Q

The principal ideas of this movement were equality; the people that supported this type of government demanded a representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.

A

Liberalism

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12
Q

The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state.

A

Nationalism

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13
Q

A backlash against the emergence of individualism, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property.

A

Socialism

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14
Q

The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.

A

Proletariat

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15
Q

An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.

A

Romanticism

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16
Q

The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.

A

Ireland’s Great Famine

17
Q

an uprising staged by French. It was in response to plans to close the National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a minimal source of income for the unemployed

A

“June Days”

18
Q

Foreign minister of Austria (1809-1848)
All for conservatism (Restore Monarchies)
Defended an elite ruling class
Stressed Organized Religion
(Not well liked)

A

Klemens von. Metternich

19
Q

one of the founding fathers of Christian socialism

blank-blankism that claimed that the needs of an industrial class, which he also referred to as the working class, needed to be recognized and fulfilled to have an effective society and an efficient economy

A

Henri de Saint Simon

20
Q

writer
equated freedom in literature with liberty in politics and society and renounced his early conservatism

A

Victor Hugo

21
Q

The first great Romantic composer
used contrasting themes and tones to produce dramatic conflict and inspiring resolutions
At the peak of his fame, he began to lose his hearing.

A

Ludwig van Beethoven

22
Q

moderate republican
was the author of Democracy in America

A

Alexis de Tocqueville