Chapters 19, 21

Question 1

protists

Answer 1

single celled, diverse, polyphyletic (can’t track to common ancestor), many niches, moved by flagella, cilia, or pseudopods

Question 2

types of protists

Answer 2

opistokonts, amoebozoans, archaeplastids, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, excavates

Question 3

opisthokonts

Answer 3

flagellum is posterior, single
-animals
-fungi
choanoflagellates

Question 4

fungi

Answer 4

• cell wall made of chitin (exoskeleton of insects)
• multicellular or unicellular (yeast)
• absorbtive heterotrophy (enzymes are secreted, break down food, absorbed)

Question 5

why are fungal infections difficult to treat?

Answer 5

many fungicides are also toxic to animal cells because fungi are closely related to animals

Question 6

single celled opistikonts

Answer 6

yeast

Question 7

multicellular opistikonts

Answer 7

strands or hyphae

ex: mushrooms

Question 8

mycellium

Answer 8

underground portion of mushroom where hyphae are located. where fertilization occurs- hyphae come together and exchange nuclei

Question 9

fruiting body

Answer 9

above ground portion of mushroom, makes spores by meiosis

Question 10

examples of plant pathogens

Answer 10

rust, smut

Question 11

mycorrhizal fungi

Answer 11

• example of symbiosis

- allows trees to take up more minerals from soil, attaches to roots of plants to increase surface area

Question 12

lichens

Answer 12

fungus + green algae (cyanobacterium)

-example of permanent symbiosis

Question 13

amoeba

Answer 13

use pseudopod for motility, aquatic, eats via phagocytosis, predator, scavanger, or parasite

Question 14

how can amoeba move

Answer 14

can shift cytoplasmic content from 1 end of the cell to the other, allows locomotion and used for eating

Question 15

types of amboebozoans

Answer 15

amboeba, slime molds

Question 16

physarum

Answer 16

• plasmodial slime mold
• terrestrial
• disperse, then aggregate (coenocytic) to form fruiting bodies where spores form by meiosis
• scavengers, ingest by endocytosis
• move by cytoplasmic streaming

Question 17

dictyostelium

Answer 17

• cellular slime mold
• amoeba like single cells aggregate into “slug” when dry or starved cells are retained, formed spores (where meiosis occurs)

Question 18

types of rhizaria

Answer 18

foraminiferans, radiolarians

Question 19

foraminiferans

Answer 19

• external shells of calcium carbonate
• source of limestone
• pseudopod ensnare plankton

Question 20

radiolarians

Answer 20

• glassy endoskeleton of calcium carbonate
• largest unicellular eukaryotes
• can have photosynthetic endosymbionts (dinoflagellates)

Question 21

Types of Archaeplastids

Answer 21

• land plants
• red algae
• green algae

Question 22

red algae

Answer 22

• photosynthetic
• marine
• chlorphyll a, phycoerythrin

Question 23

green algae

Answer 23

• chlorphyll a, b

- uni or multicellular

Question 24

stramenopiles

Answer 24

have unequal flagella

Question 25

types of stramenopiles

Answer 25

diatoms, brown algae

Question 26

diatoms

Answer 26

- single celled - silica in cell walls (upper and lower like a petri dish) - photosynthetic (storage produces oils, future of biofuels?) - diatomaceous earth (water filtration systems)

Question 27

brown algae

Answer 27

- can be multicellular - sea palms, giant kelp - photosynthetic (chlorophyll a, c, brown pigment) - source of emulsifiers of ice cream

Question 28

what type of chlorophyll does every photosynthetic organism have?

Answer 28

chlorophyll a

Question 29

how did green algae and land plants develop chloroplast? how do we know?

Answer 29

endosymbiosis, came from more than one membrane surrounding chloroplasts

Question 30

serial endosymbiosis

Answer 30

more than 2 membranes surrounding chloroplast

Question 31

brown algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates have ___ membranes around chloroplast

Answer 31

4 | -2 inner membranes from algaeal chloroplast, next out from cell membrane, outermost from host

Question 32

where did euglenids gain chloroplasts

Answer 32

chloroplast from green algae endosymbiont

Question 33

alveolates

Answer 33

sacs under cell membrane, single celled

Question 34

types of alvaeolates

Answer 34

(paramecium) ciliate, dinoflagellates, (plasmodium) apicomplexans

Question 35

ciliate

Answer 35

- body covered with cilia for motility - live in fresh water - sex involves swap of DNA, do not produce offspring

Question 36

dinoflagellates

Answer 36

-cause the red tides

Question 37

apicomplexans

Answer 37

- parasite causing malaria - life cycle in mosquitos, human blood - has nonfunctional chloroplast, implies ancestors were free living organisms

Question 38

excavates

Answer 38

unicellular, lacking mitochondria, named for surface groove

Question 39

types of excavates

Answer 39

giardia, euglena, trypanosome

Question 40

giardia

Answer 40

- diplomonad - has many flagella - lacks mitochondria - freshwater parasite causing giardiasis

Question 41

euglena

Answer 41

- euglenid - photosynthetic - if in the dark, it eats (autotroph and heterotroph) - anterior flagellum whips and drags cell behind

Question 42

trypanosome

Answer 42

-kinetoplastid parasite causing sleeping sickness

Question 43

events for origin of modern cell

Answer 43

- flexible cell surface - origin of cytoskeleton - origin of nuclear envelope - appearance of digestive vacuoles - aquired mitochondria and chloroplasts via endosymbiosis

Question 44

changes in cell structure and function

Answer 44

- more complex cytoskeleton - formation of ribosome studded membrane - enclosed DNA in nucleus - form flagella from microtubules of cytoskeleton - digestive vacuoles

Question 45

theory of endosymbiosis

Answer 45

certain organelles are the descendants of prokaryotes engulfed but not digested