Chapter 23

Question 1

What did plant ancestors look like

Answer 1

single celled, aquatic. like green algae

Question 2

terrestrial life means

Answer 2

greater complexity and specialization

Question 3

roots

Answer 3

uptake for water, minerals

Question 4

shoots

Answer 4

places for photosynthesis, reproduction

Question 5

special feature of plants

Answer 5

dynamic architecture: continually grow throughout their lives

Question 6

angiosperms

Answer 6

flowering plants

-most complex and most recently evolved

Question 7

monocots

Answer 7

one cotelydon, veins parallel, vascular bundles complex arrangement, fibrous roots, flowers in multiples of 3

Question 8

eudicots

Answer 8

2 cotelydons, veins net like, vascular bundles in ring, taproot is present, flowers in multiples of 4 or 5

Question 9

plant systems

Answer 9

root, shoot

Question 10

plant organs

Answer 10

root, stem, leaf

Question 11

2 stages of plants

Answer 11

vegitative: stems, leaves, no flowers
reproductive: flowers and fruits, as well as stems and leaves

Question 12

root function

Answer 12

anchorage, absorbtion of water and minerals, storage

Question 13

root forms

Answer 13

tap root, fibrous root, adventitious (roots from stem, not embryo)

Question 14

shoot parts

Answer 14

stem, leaf, bud

Question 15

bud

Answer 15

source of new growth in shoot, forms branches or flowers

Question 16

terminal bud

Answer 16

tip of stems

Question 17

axillary bud

Answer 17

in axils of leaves

Question 18

stem function

Answer 18

support, transport, storage

-usually elongated, cylindrical, and vertical

Question 19

rhizome root

Answer 19

long and horizontal

Question 20

bulb root

Answer 20

short and horizontal

Question 21

runner

Answer 21

vertical and flat

Question 22

tuber root

Answer 22

varying positions around plant

Question 23

types of roots

Answer 23

rhizome, bulb, tuber, runner, tap root, fibrous root

Question 24

leaves function

Answer 24

photosynthesis

Question 25

leaves morphology

Answer 25

broad and flattened for efficient gas uptake and light absorbtion

Question 26

all organs have what 2 tissues

Answer 26

epidermis and vascular tissue

Question 27

dermal tissue system

Answer 27

outer covering of plant

Question 28

ground tissue system

Answer 28

carries out photosynthetic products, helps support plants

Question 29

vascular tissue system

Answer 29

conducts water and solutes throughout the plants

Question 30

bryophytes

Answer 30

simplest land plants. single layer thickness of photosynthetic structures. water conducting cells are not vascular, lack wall structure

Question 31

plant cell contents

Answer 31

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (all in cytoplasm of plant and animal cells) cytoplasm and plasma membrane

Question 32

special plant cell features

Answer 32

chloroplasts, vacuoles, cell walls, plasmodesmata

Question 33

plasmodesmata

Answer 33

share small molecules between cells

Question 34

primary cell wall

Answer 34

all new cell walls

Question 35

secondary cell wall

Answer 35

added later, internal to primary wall, reinforce

Question 36

plant cell types

Answer 36

parenchyma, sclerenchyma, transport

Question 37

parenchyma

Answer 37

living cells, primary cell wall, metabolic processes

Question 38

sclerenchyma

Answer 38

thick secondary walls strengthen with lignin, support and rigidity, dead cells, long slender (fibers)

Question 39

transport cells tissue types

Answer 39

xylem and phloem

Question 40

phloem tissue contains

Answer 40

sieve elements (elongated with holes)

Question 41

xylem tissue contains

Answer 41

tracheids, vessel elements. tracheids are hollow dead tubes, no cytoplasm: contents break down as cell differentiates. all vascular plants have tracheids, angiosperms only have vessel elements

Question 42

xylem

Answer 42

conducts water

Question 43

phloem

Answer 43

conducts food

Question 44

vessel elements

Answer 44

elaborate secondary walls, in angiosperms only

Question 45

sieve elements contents

Answer 45

alive but lack nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuole

Question 46

every sieve element has

Answer 46

companion cells: provide metabolic functions for neighbors. retain nucleus, mitochondria, and has plasmodesmata

Question 47

meristem

Answer 47

growing points, at tips of roots and shoots. cells are not differentiated and can still divide unlike a mature leaf three types: root meristem, shoot meristem, vascular cambium

Question 48

root anatomy

Answer 48

outside to inside: epidermis, cortex, vascular tissue stele, xylem and phloem

Question 49

gymnosperms and eudicots stele arangement

Answer 49

ring formation

Question 50

monocot stele formation

Answer 50

scattered- cannot form rings

Question 51

leaf layers top to bottom

Answer 51

upper epidermis, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundles, palisade mesophyll, lower epidermis, stoma

Question 52

secondary growth increases the

Answer 52

diameter, adds phloem and xylem to existent cambium

Question 53

vascular cambium is

Answer 53

the third kind of meristem -meristem is just cells that can undergo cell division before they become specialized. remember cells go: division- elongation- maturation in root

Question 54

precambium turns into

Answer 54

vascular cambium

Question 55

annual rings

Answer 55

as water level increases then decreases through the seasons, cells vary in size--> cause rings