Chapter 20

Question 1

multicellular means..

Answer 1

more than one cell TYPE, not just more than one cell

Question 2

first terrestrial organisms appeared… how did they evolve?

Answer 2

500 mya

-fungi, then plants. animals invade land much later

Question 3

what is the ancestor of all land plants

Answer 3

green algae

Question 4

all green plants have

Answer 4

• chlorophyll a, b
• starch for storage
• cellulose for cell walls

Question 5

only land plants have

Answer 5

spores, apical meristems (localized growth), and plasmodesmata (cell communication)

Question 6

land plants innovation

Answer 6

• vascular tissue
• leaves
• roots
• seeds
• flowers

Question 7

sporophyte

Answer 7

produces cells that undergo meiosis

Question 8

gametophyte

Answer 8

produces gametes that develop from spores

Question 9

nonvascular plants

Answer 9

• dominant gametophyte
• only briefly green
• small, moist environments
  examples: mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Question 10

moss life cycle

Answer 10

dominant gametophyte

Question 11

vascular plants characteristics

Answer 11

• tracheids conduct water over long distance
• dominant sporophyte
• most have true roots
• some use seeds
• seedless –> have primitive characteristics

Question 12

tracheids

Answer 12

hollow cell that empties after death, becomes a tube for water in plants

Question 13

first vascular plant characteristics

Answer 13

• stem only, no roots or leaves
• stem branches at tip
• reproduce by spores in sporangia

Question 14

rhizoid

Answer 14

not actually roots, hair like extensions underground coming from rhizome

Question 15

rhizome

Answer 15

underground stem of early vascular plants

Question 16

dichotomous branching

Answer 16

branch into y shape, youngest part is the end of branch and oldest part is the beginning of the split

Question 17

origin of leaves

Answer 17

• flattened sterile sporangia –> microphylls

- Fusion of side branches –> megaphylls

Question 18

lycophytes characteristics

Answer 18

• club mosses (not actual moss)
• microphylls
• dichotomous branches
• primary parent material of coal, uncommon now

Question 19

ferns and fern allies types

Answer 19

horsetail, whisk ferns, ferns

Question 20

horsetail characteristics

Answer 20

unbranched stem, small leaves in whorls

Question 21

whisk fern characteristics

Answer 21

no leaves, no roots, dichotomous branching

Question 22

fern characteristics

Answer 22

most diverse, have true leaves and roots, both gametophyte and sporphyte are green, photosynthetic. sporophyte dominant

Question 23

seed purpose

Answer 23

protect and nourish embryo, allow survival through unfavorable conditions

Question 24

seed plant nonvascular or vascular

Answer 24

vascular, trees come from seeds

Question 25

gymnosperms

Answer 25

plant that has no protection (like fruit) around seed, has cone instead

Question 26

angiosperm

Answer 26

flowering plant, seed enclosed. seed produced inside an ovary. most diverse, successful, highly evolved

Question 27

seed plants are non____

Answer 27

motile (no longer dependent on water for fertilization)

Question 28

pollen evolution

Answer 28

became so small it could be picked up by wind or insects, no longer needs water

Question 29

types of angiosperms

Answer 29

monocots, eudicots

Question 30

monocot

Answer 30

one cotyledon (seed leaf which appears outside seed first, part of embryo)

Question 31

eudicots

Answer 31

two cotedylons

Question 32

examples of eudicots

Answer 32

daisies, legumes, roses

Question 33

examples of monocots

Answer 33

palms, cereal grains, other grasses, lilies, orchids, irises

Question 34

life cycle of plants is:

Answer 34

1. multicellular diploid and haploid cells

2. gametes produced by mitosis, not meiosis