Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biol 1412 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of life?

A

Cellular, metabolism, genetic material, growth and reproduction, ability to evolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eukaryotic diversity; types

A

Protists and fungi, plants, animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ways to classify organisms?

A

By similar features
Animal, vegetable, mineral (Linnaeus)
Microscopes (microorganisms)
Kingdoms: bacteria (prokaryotes), animals, plants, fungi, single celled eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

all organisms:

A

-have cell membrane and ribosomes
- common set of metabolic pathways like glycolysis
-replicate semiconservatively
-use DNA as genetic code
all of these are support that life has common ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bacteria

A
  • have peptoglycan in cell wall

- coccus, bacillus, spirilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

archaea

A

unicellular, no mitosis (binary fission), no organelles in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

eukarya

A

have nucleus, allowed evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how to classify organisms

A
  • similar features
  • animal/vegetable/mineral (linnaeus)
  • microscopes (microorganisms)
  • morphological features
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how to know if organisms are related?

A

similar genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gram stain is useful for

A

identifying species, not phylogeny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

gram positive

A

cell wall will take up violet dye

- means cell has 5x peptidoglycan in cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gram negative

A

appear pink from red dye

-means cell wall is under outer membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is rRNA useful in genetic similarity assays

A

rRNA was first widely compared sequence. 5s rna is short, evolves slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

similarity in Archaea and Eukarya

A
  • ribosomes are not sensitive to cloramphenicol and streptomycin
  • ribosomes are sensitive to diptheria toxin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

variation in prokaryotes

A
  • all tiny
  • rely on diffusion for movement
  • can move by flagella, twisting, gliding
  • use quorum sensing
  • single celled, but live in colonies
  • fission, exchange genetic material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

quorum sensing

A

signal that produces luciferase which causes bioluminescense, triggers biofilm formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

biofilm

A
  • microorganisms in polysaccharide matrix

- difficult to kill with antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

horizontal gene transfer (lateral)

A

1 species to the other

important: no specificity, multiple species exchange DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is important about photosynthesis and evolution?

A

photosynthesis is common among bacteria that are not closely related, proving common ancestry and divergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is E. Coli

A

proteobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

proteobacteria

A

gram negative photoautotrophs, use light reaction to metabolize sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

firmicutes

A

low GC gram positive bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
endospores
resistant, survive harsh conditions because they have the ability to go dormant, meaning metabolism has stopped
26
mycoplasma
no cell wall, smallest organism
27
actinobacteria
high GC gram positive bacteria, branched filaments | EX: tuberculosis, streptomyces
28
spirochetes
gram negative motile bacteria, axial filament, parasitic to humans EX: syphillis, lyme disease
29
chlamydias
obligate parasites
30
obligate parasites
only live in cells of other organisms
31
obligate anaerobes
no oxygen | ex: methanogen
32
obligate aerobes
only oxygen
33
faculate anaerobes
aerobic and anaerobic respiration
34
cyanobacteria
caused modern O2 levels and transformed early earth
35
vegitative cells
energy source is light, sugars are from other organisms
36
photoautotrophs
plants that use photosynthesis to produce sugars
37
chemoheterotrophs
feed on other organisms, humans
38
why does nutrient cycling occur
nitrogen is abundant, but not in a form that is usable for plants
39
decomposers
release CO2
40
N2 fixer
N2-->NH3
41
nitrifying bacteria
NH3-->NO2-->NO3
42
denitrifying bacteria
release N2
43
prokaryote benefits
example: rumen flora in cows allows them to digest grass, lumens have N2 fixer bacteria which improves soil
44
prokayrote harms
example: anthrax in animals, fatal to humans, crown galls in plants (plant "tumors")
45
prokaryotes neutral/unknown benefit
the human body has 4x bacteria than cells, is impossible to know the purpose of each bacteria
46
are viruses alive?
technically no, life is defined as cellular and viruses are acellular
47
characteristics of virus
mutate, evolve, interact with other organisms, derived from living organisms
48
process of a pathogen
Invade body, invade immune system, multiply, produce toxins
49
what causes disease?
not just presence of pathogen, but production of toxin by pathogen
50
endotoxin
host exposed by lyse, fever, diarrhea, vommiting, contain lipopolyaccharides
51
exotoxin
live bacteria, commonly poisonous and fatal
52
Koch's postulates
- microorganisms are always found in individual with disease - can grow in culture - sample culture= same disease - new host= identical culture
53
characteristics of successful pathogen
arrive at host, enter host, evade defenses, reproduce and infect
54
virus classification
by nucleic acid type
55
RNA viruses
single stranded: Positive sense, negative sense, and RNA retrovirus
56
positive sense RNA virus
mRNA-->ribosome--> protein -genome is mRNA which is the template for translation EX: rhinovirus, polio, zika, covid
57
negative sense RNA virus
single stranded, makes complementary strand with viral RNA | - measles, mumps, rabies, ebola
58
RNA retrovirus
``` RNA-->DNA-->Protein -reverse transcriptase changes genome -proviral DNA is inserted into host genome -no cure, specific to vertebrate animals EX: HIV ```
59
endogenous retrovirus
DNA sequence persists in genomes of nonviral organism
60
when was last common ancestor of life
3BYA
61
extremophiles
live under extreme conditions | -hadobacteria, thermophiles
62
hyperthermophilic bacteria
live near volcanic vents and hot springs | -replicate conditions for early life?
63
types of archaea
euryarchaeota (methanogens, halophiles) crenarchaeota (thermophilic, acidophilic) thaumarchaeota korarchaeota lokiarchaeota (first of asgard archaeota: closest relatives to eukaryotes)
64
methanogens
produce methane, obligate anaerobes
65
conjugation
transfered through a pilus
66
transformation
DNA released by dead cells taken up through recipient cell
67
transduction
DNA transfered through virus

Biol 1412 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions