Chapters 18 &19

Question 1

blood

Answer 1

circulates via vessels of the cardiovascular system (closed system)
used for the transportation of substances throughout the body:
-oxygen
-carbon dioxide
-nutrients
-hormones
-cells of the immune system
(completely depended on if the cardiovascular system can get them there)

Question 2

regulation of body temperature

Answer 2

can be regulated by adjusting the amount of blood flow to the skin
(blood Is mostly made up of water and water is a good at retaining energy; high specific heat)

Question 3

composition of blood

Answer 3

blood cells (formed elements) are suspended in a fluid ground substance (plasma)
(they are elements not cells because they do not have a nucleus)

Question 4

blood components

Answer 4

plasma= 55%
leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets= <1%
erythrocytes (RBCs) =45%

Question 5

blood plasma

Answer 5

about 90% water
contains over 100 different kinds of molecules and other substances:
-Na+ and Cl- (increases blood pressure if there is too -much salt)
-simple sugars (glucose), amino acids, and lipids
-waste (urea, ammonia, and CO2); urea and ammonia are carried into the kidneys
-oxygen, hormones, and vitamins
-3 main types of blood proteins: albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen (part of the clotting process)
-serum is water with some stuff dissolved; ex: if you have a blister, it has clear fluid, leaks through skin and up to the epithelia tissue

Question 6

erthyrocytes

Answer 6

(red blood cells)
small, oxygen-transporting cells
most numerous cells
contain hemoglobin (protein that binds with oxygen and the 4 iron things in them)

Question 7

leukocytes

Answer 7

(white blood cells)
involved in immune response
able to leave blood capillaries and travel to the site of infection

Question 8

five types of leukocytes

Answer 8

neutrophils: destroy bacteria
eosinophils: help to end allergic reactions and parasitic infection
basophils: mediators of inflammation
lymphocytes: T cells and B cells
monocytes: transforms into macrophages and ingest antigens

Question 9

platelets

Answer 9

cell fragments

involved in the repair of small tears in the walls of blood vessels and clotting

Question 10

blood cell formation

Answer 10

hematopoiesis

following birth, all blood cells originate from bone marrow

Question 11

red marrow

Answer 11

in adults; found in bones of axial skeleton. girdles, and proximal epiphyses

Question 12

cell lines in blood cell formation

Answer 12

all blood cells arise from blood stem cells

Question 13

two types of progenitor cells

Answer 13

lymphoid and myeloid

Question 14

lymphoid stem cells

Answer 14

give rise to lymphocytes

Question 15

myeloid cells

Answer 15

give rise to all other blood cells except lymphocytes they become committed to a particular type of blood cell

Question 16

pathway of heart

Answer 16

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semi lunar valve
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries to the lungs
from lungs back to heart through the pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta

Question 17

systole

Answer 17

contraction of a heart chamber

Question 18

diastole

Answer 18

relaxation of a heart chamber

Question 19

cardiac cycle

Answer 19

atrial systole occurs simultaneously with ventricular diastole
ventricular systole occurs simultaneously with atrial diastole
atria and ventricles relax

Question 20

lub dubb

Answer 20

lub occurs during ventricular systole as the AV valves are closing
dub occurs during ventricular diastole as the semilunar valves are closing

Question 21

conduction system

Answer 21

cardiac muscles cells that carry impulses throughout the heart wall
sinoatrial (SA node) the pacemaker
atrioventricular (AV node) amplify
atrioventricular bundle connects the atria to the ventricles
bundle branches conduct the impulses
purkinje fibers stimulate the contractile cells of the ventricles