Chapters 15-19 (US History) Flashcards
gilded age
time of political corruption, greed, fancy living, and economic/technological progress
Andrew Carnegie
philanthropist, built the steel empire
philanthropist
a wealthy person that gives money to support organizations
vertical integration
owners of a business involved in each step of the manufacturing process
John D Rockefeller
philanthropist, founded the Standard Oil Company, had a monopoly in the oil business
horizontal integration
combining companies into one large corporation
trust
companies that is under one board of directors that regulars production and eliminates companies
monopoly
economic control of an industry
social darwinism
“survival of the fittest”
where did new immigrants come from ?
Southern/Eastern Europe
why did immigrants come to America ?
economic reasons and religious persecution
challenges of immigrants
language barriers, low wages, unskilled jobs, getting them to unionize
Jane Addams
helped immigrants build settlement houses, known for Hull House, gave food and education to women/poor
reactions of Nativists to immigrants
feared/distrusted foreigners, believed foreigners took their jobs, fear of the pope and their connection w/catholics, believed that foreigners had different government ideas
William/”Boss Tweed” and political corruption
gave immigrants jobs/resources for their vote, defrauded NYC, used knockback and graft system, used his political power for personal gain
Tammany Hall (1789)
building, democratic political headquarters, started “Boss Tweed”
Thomas Nast
cartoonist who had exposed Tweed which had gotten him captured in spain
Anti-Saloon League and Women’s Christian Temperance Union
wanted to ban alcohol
WEB DuBois
advocate of civil rights
NAACP
wanted to end racial discrimation
National Urban League
wanted to improve job opportunities/housing for African Americans
Muckcraker
photographers, cartoonists, journalists, writers that wanted to show Americas problems to bring awareness
Lewis Hine
exposed child labor (which led to child labors laws)
Ida Tarbell
exposed business ethics of the Standard Oil Company (brought the issue to the Supreme Court)
Jacob Riis
photojournalist, exposed how the middle/lower class lived (which led to building codes and safety hazards)
Upton Sinclair
wrote “The Jungle,” exposed dangerous working conditions and unsanitary procedures in the meat packing industry
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)
all foods/medicines must have labels with food and side effects, regulated by the FDA
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
meat products had to be inspected before, during, and after processing
progressivism
to reform/change
the populist party
political party, made up of farmers/laborers/reformers, wanted to increase government interaction
what led to the creation of the populist party ?
growth of corporate power, panic of 1873 and 1893
three progressive presidents
Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson
Theodore Roosevelt and progressivism
“trust buster,” conservationist, slogan: “square deal, everyone has equal opportunity to succeed”
16th amendment
graduated income tax, secret ballot
17th amendment
allowed the direct election of senators
William Taft and progressivism
broke trusts/monopolies, gave 8-hour workday, signed a bill for safety rules for mining
downfall of Taft
signed Payne-Aldrich Bill which raised tariffs/taxes prices for consumers (even though he promised he wouldn’t)
Woodrow Wilson and progressivism
broke up trusts/monopolies, slogan: “New Freedom” (strict government control over corporations)
Federal Trade Commission (1914)
regulated businesses to stop unfair practices (still exists)
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
government controlled the nation’s money supply/interest rates, government regulated banking
Workingman Compensation Act (1916)
provided wages if you were temporarily disabled from an accident on the job (still exists)
Underwood Act (1913)
created graduated income tax, lowered taxes on imported goods
graduated income tax
the more you make, the more you pay
initiative
allows voters to introduce a new legislation
referendum
allows citizens to place a law on the ballot for public approval
recall
voters can remove an official by calling a special election
Progressive Era (1890-1929)
gave Americans more protection, control of their businesses and private lives
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
outlawed monopolies and trusts
Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
spelled out specific activities that businesses couldn’t engage in
18th Amendment (1919)
banned the making, selling, and transporting of alcohol
19th Amendment (1920)
gave women the right to vote
