chapters 15-16 Flashcards
1
Q
medical model
A
Views psychological conditions as sets of symptoms, causes, and outcomes, with treatments aimed at changing physiological processes
-this approach was somewhat limited, solely focused for finding cures for things rather than trying to reach wellness in the patient
2
Q
biopsychosocial model
A
Includes physiological processes within a more holistic view of the person as a set of multiple interacting systems
-takes into account that psychology and social context can affect our mental health and physiological symptoms that accompany this
3
Q
abnormal psychology
A
The psychological study of mental illness
-the world is full of unusual people but they aren’t necessarily “crazy”
4
Q
what is considered to be maladaptive behaviour?
A
1) Causes distress to self or others
2) Impairs ability to function in daily activities
3) Increases risk of injury, death, and legal infractions
5
Q
what are some cons of the criteria for “maladaptive behaviour”?
A
- not perfect criteria, drug users wouldn’t fit into the first criteria because they don’t think they’re hurting themselves
- or in the case where a loved one has died, this can impair someone’s day to day activities but it doesn’t mean someone’s crazy
6
Q
diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (DSM)
A
Establishes criteria for the diagnosis of mental disorders
- set of symptoms
- etiology (causes) of symptoms
- prognosis of how symptoms change over time
-this edition expanded the list of distinct disorders available to be diagnosed, for example OCD
7
Q
the current version of DSM-V is criticized for what?
A
- promoting over-diagnoses (ADHD)
- arbitrary diagnostic criteria (some disorders require a certain number of symptoms to qualify, so if someone is missing only one, they could potentially not get the diagnosis)
- lack of objective diagnostic methods (genetics, brain imaging)
8
Q
How does the DSM-V over-diagnose ADHD?
A
- as ADHD has become it’s own disorder, the rate in the population has sky rocketed
- 20-70% of children that are originally diagnosed for ADHD are no longer showing symptoms as adults
- unnecessary medical treatments
9
Q
stigmatization
A
Negative views of and biases towards the mentally ill
10
Q
self-fulfilling prophecy and mental illness
A
-internalization of society’s stigma of mental illness can result in people coming to expect other to reject them, which in turn causes them to behave in ways that result in people rejecting them
11
Q
Rosenhan experiment
A
“Being sane in insane places”
-this experiment showed that labels altered the lens through which we view people
- pretended she was crazy to get into the Lunatic house and when he got in, he acted completely normal but the more normal he acted the more crazy they thought he was
- he ended up staying there for 2 months because of a fake illness
12
Q
mental disorder deffense
A
The legal strategy of claiming that a defendant was unable to differentiate between right and wrong when the criminal act was committed
-not criminally responsible (NCR)
Ex: Vince Li
13
Q
personality disorder
A
Particularly unusual patterns of behaviour for one’s culture that are maladaptive, distressing to oneself or others, and resistant to change
14
Q
what are the 3 clusters of personality disorders described in the DSM?
A
- Cluster A disorders (odd eccentric behaviour)
- cluster B disorders (dramatic, emotional, and erratic behaviour)
- cluster C disorders (anxious, fearful, and inhibited behaviour)
15
Q
comorbodity
A
The presence of two disorders simultaneously, or the presence of a second disorder that affects the one being treated
- this can complicate the treatment, different treatments may not be complimentary
- difficult to find the source of the disorders when there are more than one
16
Q
borderline personality disorder (BPD)
A
Intense extremes between positive and negative emotions, an unstable sense of self, impulsivity, and difficult social relationships
- these people often form intense romantic relationships but fall out of the relationship quickly
- trouble understanding that there should be bounds in a relationship
- tendency for self-injury
- suicide attempts
- interpersonal relationships more than bipolar
17
Q
narcissistic personality disorder
A
Characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance and an intense need for attention and admiration, as well as intense self-doubt and fear of abandonment
these people are known for:
- manipulating other people
- behaving in ways that maximize their own interests no matter how it may affect other people
- lack of empathy
18
Q
histrionic personality disorder (HPD)
A
Characterized by excessive attention seeking and dramatic behaviour
- typically successful at drawing people in
- doing whatever in necessary to be the centre of attention
- manipulative, overly dramatic
19
Q
antisocial personality disorder (APD)
A
Refers to a condition marked by an habitual pattern of willingly violating other’s personal rights, with very little sign of empathy or remorse
- tend to be physically and verbally abusive to people, run into problems with the law, so a lot of people in prison have this
- tend to manipulate other people for their own self-interest
- tend to be under-reactive to stress (graph to the right)
- don’t process rewards and punishment the same way, making this disorder difficult to reform
20
Q
dissociative disorder
A
A category of mental disorders characterized by a split between conscious awareness from feeling, cognition, memory, and identity
21
Q
dissociative identity disorder
A
A person claims that their identity has split into one or more distinct personalities, or ‘alters’
-likely therapist induced
22
Q
dissociative fugue
A
- lose all sense of who they are
- usually short lived episodes
23
Q
dissociative amnesia
A
-forgetting about a specific or stressful event, so once these people get out of the fugue state
24
Q
depersonalization disorder
A
-view themselves in a very hazy and distorted sense
25
why is it probable that dissociative identity disorder is likely therapist induced?
-using techniques like hypnosis (very problematic), creating false memories, way back in the 70's (when there were only a handful of cases), but once a few cases were known, there were a lot more (thousands just a decade later)
26
how does dissociative identity disorder vary within cultures?
-cultural context can shape the way in which this disorder manifests itself (places like India = people can only switch personalities upon waking up vs. in North America, they can switch whenever)
27
anxiety disorders
A category of disorders involving fear of nervousness that is excessive. Irrational, and maladaptive
-this anxiety is prolonged more than most people and impairs their functioning
28
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Involves frequently elevated levels of anxiety that are not directed at or limited to any particular situation
-trouble sleeping/concentrating/identifying the source of anxiety
29
panic disorder
Disorder marked by repeated episodes of sudden, very intense fear (i.e., panic attacks)
- much shorter in duration but more intense
- overwhelming sense of dread that something bad is going to happen
30
agoraphobia
An intense fear of having a panic attack or lower-level panic symptoms in public
-leads to people becoming very anti-social
31
phobia
A severe, irrational fear of a very specific object or situation
32
specific phobias
Involve an intense fear of an object, activity, or organism
| -ex: heights, animals, etc.
33
social anxiety disorder
An irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, or embarrassed in public
- distinction is whether people build their entire lives around this disorder
- biological dispositions to developing specific phobias (such as snakes)
34
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Characterized by unwanted, inappropriate, and persistent thoughts (obsessions); repetitive stereotyped behaviours (compulsions); or a combination of the two
-lack of perceived control
Ex: excessive hand washing, obsessive cleaning
35
major depression
A disorder marked by prolonged and unjustified periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and physical sluggishness
36
depression often comes with what symptoms?
- depressed cognition (more difficulty concentrating/making decisions, bias negative memories)
- lethargic and sleepy, yet experiences insomnia
- appetite change and digestive problems
- pessimistic explanatory style: internalizing (ex: "I'm so stupid it's my fault; I'm a bad person; I am worthless), stabilizing (ex: It's always going to be this way; things will never change), and globalizing (ex: and this applies to everything, not just the current situation)
37
bipolar disorder
Characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation, and energy
- episodes vary in length and duration
- mania can take several forms (can go through these manias once or twice in a lifetime or several times a year)
38
Twin studies indicate that there is no underlying genetic risk for developing major depression
True or False?
false
39
what are the biological aspects of depression?
- problematic feedback between the frontal lobes and the limbic system (limbic system regulating emotional response, tends to be overactive, shuts down the activity of the frontal lobes which are for control)
- neurogenesis and the hippocampus
- neurotransmitter levels imbalanced (Ex: serotonin transporter gene (dopamine and norepinephrine as well)
40
schizophrenia
A collection of disorders characterized by chronic and significant breaks from reality, a lack of integration of thoughts and emotions, and serious problems with attention and memory
-affects less than 1% of the population, but it is a universal condition
41
hallucinations
False perceptions of reality such as hearing internal voices
42
what is the most common form of hallucination?
auditory
43
delusions
False beliefs about reality
-delusions of grandeur, persecutory delusions are common
Ex: Vince Li
-confused thoughts and speech: talk quickly, can't organize their speech properly, or you can get the opposite response meaning that their speech lacks the necessary details to have a meaning conversation with someone
44
positive symptoms
Refer to behaviours that should not occur, such as confused and paranoid thinking and inappropriate emotional reactions
45
negative symptoms
Involve the absence of adaptive behaviour
46
prodromal phase of schizophrenia
Confusion, loss of interest in activities, social withdrawal
47
active phase of schizophrenia
Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thoughts/emotions/behaviours
-these are the most severe symptoms
48
residual phase of schizophrenia
Period of reduced symptoms; may continue to be withdrawn, have difficulty concentrating, and lack motivation
-lessening of the symptoms
49
schizophrenia and the effects on the nervous system
- enlarged ventricles due to the loss of brain matter (2% smaller brain than healthy brain)
- decreased frontal lobe activation, smaller amygdala and hippocampus (difficulty controlling thoughts, reduced attention)
- overactive dopamine associated with positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations)
- glutamate-blocking drugs produce symptoms that mimic those in schizophrenia (when you give people drugs that block glutamate receptors, you can generate symptoms that closely mirror schizophrenia)
50
If one identical twin has schizophrenia, the other twin has a ___ - ___% chance of also developing it
25, 50
51
is it possible that there is a specific gene sequence present in all people with schizophrenia that may be part of the cause?
There are some irregular gene sequences found to be more likely to occur in with schizophrenia (15%) than controls (5%), but these sequences are not found in 85% of individuals with schizophrenia
- large complexity of the genes for a disorder like this
- strong case with genetic/environmental influences
52
what are some environmental and prenatal factors influencing the development of schizophrenia?
- maternal exposure to influenza virus
- fetal exposure to stress hormones
- marijuana use
- head injuries
- stressful environments
53
what are some social factors influencing the development of schizophrenia?
```
Emotional expressiveness (EE): relapse 3-4 x more likely in high EE families
EE: families that are high in this are more critical, judging, and less supportive
```
54
schizophrenia: the neuro-developmental hypothesis
Irregular biological and environmental factors interact during infant and child development to produce schizophrenic symptoms ("brain grows into schizophrenia")
- warning signs can be found in home videos
- schizophrenia prodrome (first phase)
55
can schizophrenia be treated?
- early treatment and proper social support vastly improves prognosis
- relapses common, though most people make functional recoveries
- with enough awareness, these cases can be caught quite early, this leads to quite better prognosis
56
what are some barriers to seeking psychological treatment?
- uncertainty whether one qualifies for help
- stigma about mental illness
- gender roles (ex: men are supposed to be strong and independent)
- expense and availability
57
clinical psychologist
Mental health professionals with doctoral degrees who diagnose and treat mental health problems ranging from the everyday to the chronic and severe
58
counselling psychologists
Typically work with people needing help with common problems such as stress, coping, and mild forms of anxiety and depression
59
psychiatrist
Physicians who specialize in mental health, and who diagnose and treat mental disorders primarily through prescribing medications that influence brain chemistry
60
residential treatment center
Provide psychotherapy and life skills training so that the residents can become integrated into society to the greatest extent possible
-can have medium/high level centers
61
community psychology
Focuses on identifying how individuals' mental health is influenced by the neighbourhood, economics, social groups, and other community-based variables
- a lot of focus on screening and prevention of psychological problems
- often offer free psychological counselling
62
empirically supported treatments
Are those that have been tested and evaluated using sound research designs to make sure that they're good tests
- limitations:
- no double blind study
- ethical considerations for the control group (you can't have a pure control group and deliberately not give them treatment)
- therapeutic alliance
63
bibliotherapy
The use of self-help books and other reading materials as a form of therapy
- minor effects (when it is effective, it tends to have a very small benefits)
- questionable source material (it's hard to judge the quality of the information
64
insight therapies
Psychotherapy that involves dialogue between client and therapist for the purposes of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems
65
psychodynamic therapies
Forms of insight therapy that emphasize the need to discover and resolve unconscious conflicts
-by getting people to talk, you can address the problem, Freud was right about one thing
66
humanistic-existential psychotherapy: phenomenological approach
Therapist listens empathetically and addresses the client's subjective feelings and thoughts as they unfold in the present moment
-unconditional positive regard: fully accepting the person for who they are, more likely to get them to open up
67
object relations therapy
A variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychology
-trust issues, fear of abandonment, that is due to something that happened earlier in life
68
emotion-focused therapy
A variation of humanistic-existential psychotherapy based on the belief that it is better to face and accept difficult emotions and thoughts than to ignore them
-relationship between therapist and client is the best predictor of therapy success regardless of the type of insight therapy used (some types of therapies used are better in certain situations)
69
what are the pros of group therapy?
- less expensive
- organized to fit needs
- provides social support and practice
- gives therapist a more realistic account of patient's behaviour
70
systems approach
An orientation toward family therapy that involves identifying and understanding what each individual family member contributed to the entire family dynamic
71
behavioural therapies
Address problem behaviours and thoughts, and the environmental factors that trigger them, through conditioning
-patterns of behaviours are the result of conditioning and they can be unlearned
72
aversive conditioning
Involves replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response, typically by using punishment
-breaking bad habits
73
systematic desensitization
Gradually exposing an individual to stressful stimuli such that the aversive response extinguishes
-often used in cases of anxiety/phobias
74
flooding
Individual is immersed in stress-inducing situations
- ex: virtual reality exposure
- allows the therapist to immerse the client into any type of environment they want, they have a lot of control over the environment
- often used to treat PTSD
- 50-75% of the subjects are no longer qualifying for the PTSD diagnosis after treatment, powerful treatment
75
cognitive behavioural therapy
Consists of procedures such as exposure, cognitive restructuring, and stress inoculation training
- very effective
- try to identify the negative thought patterns and change them into something more constructive
76
cognitive restructuring
Changing negative cognition into more realistic and rational thought patterns
77
stress-inoculation training
Helps client put traumatic memories into perspective
| -requires commitment from both the therapist and the client
78
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
- more modern
- combines mindfulness meditation with standard cognitive-behavioural therapy tools
- intrapersonal attunement/decentering
79
intrapersonal attunement
A relationship between oneself and oneself
80
decentering
Occurs when one is able to 'step back' from one's normal consciousness and observe oneself more objectively, as an observer
- disrupts self-perpetuating cycles of negative thoughts and emotion
- by practising decentering, someone can bring themselves out of this self-fulfilling prophecy and see that their thoughts are the root of the problem
81
psychopharmacotherapy
The process of treating psychological disorders with drugs
82
psychotropic drugs
Medications designed to alter psychological functioning
83
blood-brain barrier
A network of tightly packed cell that only allow specific types of substances to move from the bloodstream to the brain
- highly selective and semi-permeable, doesn't let a lot in
- so the drugs used have to be able to pass through the blood-brain barrier, this limits the kinds of chemicals we are able to use
84
antidepressant drugs
Prescribed to elevate mood and reduce other symptoms of depression
-usually targets areas that are high in monoamine oxidase inhibitors
85
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Deactivates monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
86
tricyclic
Block re-uptake of serotonin/norepinephrine
| -eventually replaced by selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
87
How severe are the side-effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants? What have we done to reduce these?
- these both have a lot of side effects, today, we have different drugs that have less side-effects (such as SSRI)
- the side effect of this have much less variety and are less severe, SSRIs are safe, do not lead to tolerance or withdrawal symptoms
- but, takes a long time for this to have an effect (a couple weeks) because of the fact that it effects neurogenesis, and because it takes time for neurons to up-rate their receptors (graph)
88
mood stabilizers
Prevent or reduce the manic side of bipolar disorder
- Lithium: reduces severity/frequency of manic phases
- replaced by anticonvulsant medications (these calm hyperactivity in the brain)
89
antianxiety drugs
Alleviate nervousness and tension, and to prevent and reduce panic attacks
- promotes the activity of GABA, and inhibitory neurotransmitter, thereby reducing neural activity
- only work for a few hours
- high risk of abuse and withdrawal
- drowsiness, impaired attention
90
antipsychotic drugs
For disorders such as schizophrenia and severe mood disorders
-first meds blocked dopamine receptors, but this was problem because this controls our voluntary movement, can cause Tardive Dyskinesia (neurological condition marked by involuntary movements and facial tics)
91
atypical antipsychotics
- more current method (second generation) antipsychotic drugs that reduces dopamine and serotonin rather than blocking completely
- only works for about half the people its prescribed to
- effects tend to weaken over time, allowing the symptoms to return
- but, they carry a much lower risk of side-effects
92
Drugs are more effective at treating psychological disorders than other methods
True or False?
-false, there is similar efficacy between CBT and antidepressants, and CBT has a lower relapse rate
93
is exercise and effective treatment for psychological disorders? explain.
- it is ass effective as SSRIs
- releases endorphins which reduces pain sensations, elevates mood, increases neurogenesis and reward processing in the long run
- also has added benefits, such as better fitness (don't get the negative effects of drugs)
94
Drugs are most effective when they are the only type of treatment being used in the case of psychological disorders
True or False?
false, not everyone responds to therapies in the same way, should use a combination of treatments to get the best outcome
95
are surgical methods beneficial to treating psychological disorders?
they are usually effective but they are often a last resort method because of the risks involved (such as surgery, being under an anaesthetic)
96
What is an early technological and surgical method that neurologists used to treat psychological disorders?
- neurologists in the 1800s and 1900s experimented with removing regions of the brain
- wire loops to destroy the frontal lobe
- using an 'ice pick' to perform a prefrontal lobotomy (disconnect the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain)
- created a lot of cognitive impairments
- eliminated in the U.S. by 1970s
97
focal lesions
- more recent
- small, specific damage applied to a cluster of nerve cells (avoiding widespread damage)
- for severe psychiatric problems when all other methods failed
- no more side effects than many drug treatments
- last resort method
98
electroconvulsive therapy
Is a psychiatric treatment in which an electrical current is passed through the brain to induce a temporary seizure
- used in severe cases that are unresponsive to other treatments
- mild side effects such as temporary confusions and amnesia for events around the time of treatment
99
is eletroconvulsive therapy effective? what is the rate of success?
- most people get the benefit after the first session
- safe procedure, no lasting cognitive impairments, more severe risks are because of the use of anesthetic
- 50% of patients who don't respond to any other treatments, response to ECT
- 25% of people end up relapsing if combined with antidepressants
100
trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
A therapeutic technique in which a focal area is exposed to a powerful but safe magnetic field
- reduces depressive symptoms
- no anesthesia or seizure
- disrupts or enhances certain areas in the brain that are under-active or overactive, facilitating the rewiring process; as effective as ECT
101
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
A technique that involves electrically stimulating highly specific regions of the brain
- thin electrode-tipped wires inserted into the brain
- instantaneous results
- battery implanted in a persons skin, acts as a pace-maker, directly alleviating symptoms
102
is deep-brain stimulation dangerous?
-not doing permanent damage, but invasive in the sense that you're doing surgery (anesthetics, internal bleeding possible)
