Chapters 14 & 15: Learning, Motivation, & The Self Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

in behaviorism, a change in behavior as a result of experience

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2
Q

Behaviorism (or Behaviorist Approach)

A

the theoretical view of personality that focuses on overt behavior and the ways in which it can be affected by rewards and punishments in the environment

a modern variant is the social learning approach, which adds a concern with how behavior is affected by observation, self-evaluation, and social interaction

also called the learning approach

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3
Q

Functional Analysis

A

in behaviorism, a description of how a behavior is a function of the environment of the person or animal that performs it

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4
Q

Habituation

A

the decrease in response to a stimulus on repeated applications

this is the simplest kind of learning

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5
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

the kind of learning in which an unconditioned response (such as salivating) that is naturally elicited by one stimulus (such as food) becomes elicited also by a new, conditioned stimulus (such as a bell)

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6
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

a belief that nothing one does matters, derived from an experience of random or unpredictable reward or punishment, and theorized to be a basis of depression

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7
Q

Respondent Conditioning

A

Skinner’s term for classical conditioning

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8
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Skinner’s term for the process of learning in which an organism’s behavior is shaped by the effect of the behavior in the environment

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9
Q

Reinforcement

A

in operant conditioning, a reward that, when applied following a behavior, increases the frequency of that behavior

in classical conditioning, this refers to the pairing of an unconditioned stimulus (such as food) with a conditioned stimulus (such as a bell)

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10
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

one’s beliefs about the degree to which one will be able to accomplish a goal if one tries

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11
Q

Self-Concept

A

a person’s knowledge and opinions about herself

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12
Q

Observational Learning

A

;earning a behavior by watching someone else do it

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13
Q

Goal

A

in learning and cognitive approaches to personality, a desired end state that serves to direct perception, thought, and behavior

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14
Q

Strategy

A

a sequence of activities directed toward a goal

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15
Q

Entity Theory

A

in Dweck’s theory of motivation, an individual’s belief that abilities are fixed and unchangeable

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16
Q

Incremental Theory

A

in Dweck’s theory of motivation, an individual’s belief that abilities can increase with experience and practice

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17
Q

Procedural Knowledge

A

what a person knows but cannot really talk about

sometimes called knowing how

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18
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

the ability to perceive emotions accurately in oneself and others and to control and use one’s own emotions constructively

19
Q

Cognitive Control

A

using rational thinking to regulate one’s emotions and to control how one reacts to emotional feelings

20
Q

Ontological Self

A

the somewhat mysterious inner self of thinking, observation, and experience

also called the I, as opposed to the me or epistemological self

21
Q

Epistemological Self

A

knowledge of one’s own personality traits, experiences, and other attributes

also called the me, as opposed to the I or the ontological self

22
Q

Declarative Knowledge

A

information held in memory that is able to be verbalized

sometimes called knowing that

23
Q

Declarative Self

A

an individual’s (conscious) opinions about his or her own personality traits and other relevant attributes

24
Q

Self-Esteem

A

the degree to which a person thinks he or she is good or bad, worthy or unworthy

25
Q

Self-Schema

A

the cognitive structure hypothesized to contain a person’s self-knowledge and to direct self-relevant thought

26
Q

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A

the final stage of information processing, in which a nearly unlimited amount of information can be permanently stored in an organized manner

this information may not always be accessible, however, depending on how it was stored and how it is looked for

27
Q

Self-Reference Effect

A

the enhancement of long-term memory that comes from thinking about how information being memorized relates to the self

28
Q

Procedural Self

A

patterns of behavior that are characteristic of an individual

29
Q

What is self efficacy?

A

the expectation that one can accomplish something successfully

beliefs, rather than actual skill

affects persistence

associations with the self-concept

goal of psychotherapy

30
Q

What are idiographic goals?

A

unique to the individuals who pursue them (not shared by friends, family, etc.)

conscious at least some of the time (may not always be aware of all goals)

aimed at specific outcomes

can change

function independently

31
Q

What are nomothetic goals?

A

essential motivations that almost everyone pursues

achievement/excellence

affiliation/intimacy

power/status

32
Q

What is an entity theory of the world?

A

goal: judgement

response to failure: helplessness

believe that people’s abilities are fixed, level of skill is unchangeable, looking to demonstrate their skill

33
Q

What is an incremental theory of the world?

A

goal: development

response to failure: mastery

believe that people can change level of ability, if you don’t use it you’ll lose it, opportunities to learn new skills and improve oneself

34
Q

What is defensive pessimism?

A

assume the worst will happen and use this assumption to motivate goal-seeking behavior

coping, performance, and success are similar to optimists

find relief when the worst outcomes doesn’t happen

some consistency across situations

advantages and disadvantages to both strategies

35
Q

What is self-determination theory?

A

distinguishes between intrinsic and extrinsic goals

support for 3 needs fosters enhanced performance, persistence, and creativity

competence: need to be effective
autonomy: need for control
relatedness/connection: need for close relations with others

36
Q

What is the Cognitive Affective Personality System (CAPS)?

A

if… then contingencies: actions triggered by particular stimulus situations

behavioral signature = patterns of contingencies

could replace personality traits

37
Q

What are Beliefs, Emotions, and Action Tendencies (BEATS)?

A

people have basic needs that combine to produce emergent needs, from which the final need for self-coherence or meaning in life emerges

basic motivations lead to goals; goals create BEATS

38
Q

What is the declarative self?

A

all of your conscious knowledge or opinions about your own personality traits

includes self-esteem and self-schema

39
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

an overall opinion about whether you are good or bad, worthy or unworthy, or somewhere in between

40
Q

What is self-schema?

A

a more detailed opinion about your traits and abilities

41
Q

What are possible selves?

A

the images we have, or can construct, of the other possible ways we might be

42
Q

What is self-discrepancy theory?

A

the interactions between possible selves and the actual self determine feelings about life

43
Q

What is the ideal self?

A

reward based

discrepancy –> depression

promotion-focused motivation

44
Q

What is the ought self?

A

punishment based

discrepancy –> anxiety

prevention-focused motivation