Chapters 13 & 14 Flashcards
Name the 5 essential nutrients.
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins/minerals, water
Nutrition and hydration refer to a complex set of processes by which nutrients and fluids are… name 6 processes to nutrition and hydration.
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, transportation, use, and excretion
Water accounts for __ - __ % of body weight.
50 - 75%
Most adults need how many mL of water on a daily basis?
2,000 - 3,000 mL
Name 5 functions of water in the body.
1) Transportation of nutrients, electrolytes and oxygen; 2) excretion of wastes; 3) regulation of body temperature; 4) lubrication of joints and membranes; and 5) a medium for digestion.
According to the CDC, the obesity prevalence among adults is highest for people between what ages and ethnicity?
40 - 59 years of age, non-Hipsanic
What 3 racial/ ethnic groups have the highest age-adjusted rates of obesity in the U.S.?
Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White
What percentage of U.S. children is overweight or obese?
33%
Which two racial/ ethnic groups have the highest rates of childhood obesity?
Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black
Name risk factors for malnutrition - there are 9 total.
1) Low socioeconomic status
2) Poor food choices
3) Lifestyle of long work hours/ relying on fast-food meals
4) Chronic dieting
5) Chronic diseases
6) Dental/ oral issues
7) Limited access to sufficient food
8) Disorders that involve self-limitation of food
9) Illness/ trauma (increases nutritional need/ interferes with ability to ingest adequate nourishment)
How does over hydration/ fluid overload present itself?
“Fluid shifting” into physiological 3rd spaces: edema (extracellular), effusion, fluid retention
Assess client’s ability to access adequate fluids by considering what 5 factors?
Accessibility, chronic illness, age, SES, and excessively high environmental temperatures.
Define food allergen
An immune system response that occurs after eating a trigger food, which the body perceives as a threat, mounting a defense attack
T/F: A food allergy can present itself at any age.
True
What is the formula to calculate BMI?
(weight in pounds / height in inches, squared) x 703 = BMI
What range indicates a healthy BMI?
18.5 - 24.9
____ ____ is the most common measurement used to determine the extent of abdominal visceral fat in relation to body fat, and is a helpful indicator of health when used along with BMI.
Waist circumference
List some hydration assessment markers.
1) Decreased urinary output vs. excessive urination
2) Weight gain/ loss
3) Altered mental status
4) Evaluate BP and HR
5) Skin turgor
6) Pitting edema
7) Skin moisture
8) Tongue furrows/ dry
9) Sunken anterior fontanelle (infants)
10) Sunken eye, dark circles
11) Venous filling (> 3-5 sec)
12) Lung sounds
13) Visible neck veins
Define pitting edema
Excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid throughout the body; often due to fluid imbalance.
Where are carbohydrates stored in the body?
The liver and muscle, for easy and rapid conversion to energy as needed
Simple vs. complex carbohydrates
Simple: simple-structure sugar that raises blood glucose levels, can be converted into energy quickly (i.e. fruit juice)
Complex: starches that convert into energy more slowly (i.e. whole grains)
Where are proteins stored in the body?
Muscle, skin, bone, blood, cartilage and lymph tissue
Name some functions of proteins.
1) Makes hormones (insulin)
2) Act as enzymes for chemical reactions (digestion)
3) Found in blood as plasma proteins (albumin) to maintain fluid and electrolyte imbalance
4) Maintain normal pH balance
5) Help transport oxygen and lipids through circulatory system
6) Protects immune system from disease and infection; assists with clotting
Name some functions of fats
1) Provides concentrated energy
2) Aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
3) Supplies essential fatty acids for healthy skin
4) Insulates skin, nerve fibers; lubricates skin to slow water loss
5) Protects internal organs
What essential nutrient is necessary for the formation of red blood cells, hormones, and genetic material; and the proper functioning of the nervous system?
Vitamins
Vitamins are either ___- or ___-soluble.
Fat- or water-soluble
What essential nutrient is required for energy release from carbohydrates, proteins and fats?
Vitamins
What is the main function of minerals?
To promote growth and maintain health
Where are minerals found?
In all body fluids and tissues
The outer layer of the skin is called the ____.
epidermis
The epidermis consists of 4 layers - name them.
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum germinativum
What is the major determinant of skin color?
Melanin
What is the dermis?
The inner layer of the skin that is a well-vascularized, connective tissue layer.
Contains collagen, elastic fibers, nerve endings, lymph vessels.
The ____ ____ are attached to hair follicles and secrete sebum, which waterproofs the hair and skin.
sebaceous glands
Name the 2 types of sweat glands.
eccrine and apocrine glands
What is the primary function of the eccrine glands?
Secretion of sweat and thermoregulation
What is the primary function of the apocrine glands?
Association with hair follicles in the axillae, perineum, and areolae of breasts; secrete a milky sweat after puberty
Under the epidermis and dermis lies the ____ ____, which contains fat cells, blood vessels, nerves, and remaining sweat glands and hair follicles.
subcutaneous tissue
Name the two (general) types of hair.
Vellus and terminal hair
Describe vellus hair (peach fuzz)
Short, pale, fine, and present over much of the body.
Describe terminal hair
Found particularly on the scalp and eyebrows; longer, darker, and coarser
Hair develops within a sheath of epidermal cells called the ____ ____.
hair follicle
Nails are hard, transparent plates of keratinized epidermal cells that grow from the ____.
cuticle
The ____ ____ extends over the entire nail bed and has a pink tinge from the blood vessels underneath.
nail body
What is the name of the crescent-shaped area located at the base of the nail?
The lunula
What is pallor and what does it indicate?
Pallor refers to a loss of color and is seen in arterial insufficiency, decreased blood supply and anemia
What is the effect of cyanosis?
May cause white skin to appear blue-tinged
The older client’s skin becomes pale due to what 2 factors?
1) Decreased melanin production
2) Decreased dermal vascularity
What is jaundice and where is it found?
Yellowing of skin tone.
Particularly found in sclera, oral mucosa, palms and soles.
____ ____ is the roughening and darkening of the skin in localized areas, especially posterior neck.
Acanthosis nigricans
What is erythema?
Skin redness and warmth, found with inflammation, allergic reaction, or trauma
What is hirsutism and what is it characteristic of?
Facial hair on females; characteristic of Cushing’s disease; results from imbalance of adrenal hormones or a side effect of steroids
Pale or cyanotic nails may indicate what 2 diseases?
Hypoxia and anemia
Clubbing can occur from ____.
hypoxia
Concave spoon nails may be present with what deficiency?
Iron deficiency anemia
Freckles, flat moles, petechiae, rubella, vitiligo, port wine stains and ecchymosis are all examples of what two skin lesion types?
Macule and patch
Describe papule and plaque skin lesion types, such as psoriasis
Elevated, palpable, solid mass
These two types of skin lesions are also elevated, palpable, solid masses but extend deeper into the dermis than a papule.
Nodule and tumor
Varicella, contact dermatitis, and poison ivy are examples of these 2 types of circumscribed, elevated and palpable masses that contain serous fluid.
Vesicle, bulla
Define wheal and provide an example.
Elevated mass with transient, often irregular borders that vary in size and color, and are caused by movement of serous fluid into the dermis. (Does not contain free fluid in a cavity.) Examples: hives, inset bites
Define a pustule and provide an example.
Pus-filled vesicle or bulla, such as acne.
A ____ is an encapsulated fluid-filled or semisolid mass that is located in the subcutaneous tissue or dermis.
cyst
An annular configuration indicates a ____ lesion.
circular
A nummular configuration refers to a ________ lesion, such as eczema.
coin-shaped
____ configuration refers to smaller lesions that run together to form larger lesions.
Confluent
What are petechia?
Pinpoint, round spots that appear on the skin due to bleeding.
Define ecchymosis
Hemorrhagic blotching due to blood pooling under the skin or mucous membrane.
Define hematoma
Localized collection of extravagated blood (clotted) in an organ, space or tissue
Malignant melanoma is evaluated according to “ABCDE” - what does this stand for?
A - asymmetrical B - borders that are irregular C - color variation D - diameter exceeding 1/8-1/4" E - elevated, not flat
What are other warning signs of malignant melanoma?
Itching, tenderness pain, change in size, bleeding, or new pigmentations.
