Chapters 13 & 14 Flashcards
Alien and Sedition Acts
made it a crime to criticize the government
Libel
any published statement that unjustifiably exposes someone to ridicule or contempt. Defamation, Identification, Publication
privilege
statements made in government meetings, in court, or in government documents cannot be used as the basis for a libel suit.
actual malice
a reckless disregard for the truth or falsity of a published account
intrusion
invasion of privacy by physical trespass into a space surrounding a person’s body or onto property under his or her control
false light
invasion of privacy in which a journalist publishes untrue statements that alter a person’s public image in a way that he or she cannot control
misappropriation
invasion of privacy by using a person’s name or image for commercial purposes without his or her permission
prior restraint
a judicial order that stops a media organization from publishing or broadcasting a story or image
shield laws
laws that give journalists special protection from having to testify in court about their stories and sources
obscenity
sexually explicit material that is legally prohibited from being published
equal time provision
requires broadcast stations to make equivalent amounts of broadcast time available to all candidates running for public office
fairness doctrine
former policy that required television stations to “afford reasonable opportunity for the discussion of conflicting views on issues of public importance”
Net neutrality
Rules that would require internet service providers to give equal access to all online content providers
Copyright Act 1976
Ringer - copyright lasted 50 years after death. can record for own use.
Patriot Act
government can see our social media and use wire taps and see personal documents.
Miller v. California
convicted of sending obscene material through the mail. anything of literary, artistic, political, or scientific value cannot be banned. (sex ed in schools)
Richard Drew
took the falling man photo
Moral
an individuals code of behavior based on religious or philosophical principals
Sissela Bok’s Model
Consult your conscience (how do you feel about it), seek alternatives, hold an imaginary ethical dialogue with everyone involved
Rush Limbaugh
conservative radio talk show host
Barbra Ringer
copyright. didn’t get the job because she was a girl. sued and won for sexism
First Amendment
freedom of speech
John Peter Zenger Case
published anonymous articles pointing out negatives in the government and went to jail for it. established truth as an absolute defense against libel
Sam Sheppard conviction
right to a free press & right to a fair trial. sheppards wife was killed and he said he didn’t do it but he was found to be having an affair. newspaper printed the names and pictures and address of prospected jurors and they were allowed to view the media.
United stated v. Noriega
the only case the press has been restricted from covering. they ordered a restraining order on CNN. something about drugs
Cohen v. Cowles Media
they hired someone to leak documents to the press about a candidate. he asked the press for confidentiality. one didn’t run the story. one ran the story and left the source confidential. two ran the story and listed cohen as the source. cohen won.
Food Lion v. ABC
food lion was bleaching meat to make it last longer so reporters went undercover to work for them. sued them for lying and trespassing but preserved the right for journalists to report truthful information.
Pentagon Papers
case of prior restraint. someone had papers about the Vietnam war and gave them to a news company the government got a restraining order on them so he gave the papers to another company and the government got a restraining order on them
Roth v. United States
Roth ran a business selling sexually explicit books, photos, and magazines. the courts can regulate obscenity and it is not protected in our first amendment
New York Times v. Sullivan
a news ad was published falsely accusing the police department of something and sullivan was not named but was the head of the department so that reflected badly on him (libel) set a new standard (actual malice) because they didn’t tell the truth
Progressive Case
wrote an article about nuclear bombs but all of the information used was from unclassified documents. they wanted the government to get involved? didn’t get the attention they were hoping for. prior restraint is becoming impossible because of the internet
Hazelwood Case
freedom of speech in school. freedom of speech does not always apply in schools. they couldn’t write about pregnancy or divorce in their school newspaper.
Aristotle’s Golden Mean
ethical behavior comes from hitting a balance, a “just-right point between excess and defect”
Utilitarianism
actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.
Tabloid Laundering
when respectable media report on what the tabloids are reporting as a way of covering sensationalistic stories on which they might not otherwise report
Ombudsman
a representative of a publications readers who takes the point of view if those who purchase or consume the news
Stephen Glass
made up most of the “facts” in his articles. he made up webpages and voicemails and submitted the articles late so the fact checkers didn’t figure it out
Jose Vargas
a successful journalist who is an undocumented immigrant. he wrote about it and sold his story to the New York Times Magazine who put it on the front cover.
Sago Mine disaster
News reported that 12 miners survived and one died in the explosion when in reality, 12 miners died and one survived.
Principal of Utility
Mill’s principal that ethical behavior arises from that which will provide the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Veil of ignorance
Rawls’s principal that says that justice comes from making decisions that maximize liberty for all people and without considering which outcome will give us personally the biggest benefit
sensationalism
news coverage that panders to audiences with lurid and highly emotional accounts of crime, sex, violence, or celebrity missteps
Ethics
a rational way of deciding what is good for individuals or society. (way to choose between two competing moral principals)
Kant’s categorial imperative
Kant’s idea of a moral obligation that we should act in a way in which we would be willing to have everyone else act
Morse v. Fredrick
held up a Bong hits 4 Jesus sign across from his school.
Matt Cooper & Judith Miller
went to jail for refusing to testify to a jury about who leaked the identity of a CIA official
