Chapters 11 and 12, and Part II Flashcards
It is an original or official written or printed-paper furnishing information or used as a proof of something else. It is any object that contains handwritten or typewritten markings whose source or authenticity is in doubt.
Document
Practically all papers maybe classified from the standpoint of their basic _______________ into sets of fiber mixtures.
fiber composition
It is a group wood sulfite mixture. This is pulp from coniferous and dicotyledonous wood in combination with sulfite chemical pulp from conifers.
Mechanical Pulp
It is a chemical pulp from dicotyledonous woods.
Soda-Sulfite Mixture
It is a cotton rag or linen rag.
Rag Sulfite
It is added to paper to improve its texture.
Sizing Material
It is added to paper to give weight. It partially fills the pores between the fibers of the paper.
Loading Material
It deals with the appearance of the document.
Preliminary Examination
If present, it is one of the most important features in the comparison of paper. It is distinctive mark or design placed in the paper at the time of its manufacture, by a roll usually covered with wire cloth known as dandy roll which serves as a means whereby the paper can be identified as the product of a particular manufacturer.
Watermark
These are marks produced on paper by the flexible wire soldered to the surface of the dandly roll that carries the watermark.
Wiremark
It is a test applied on paper without perceptible changing or altering the original appearance of the document.
Physical Test Causing No Perceptible Change
It is the quality of paper that does not allow light to pass through or which prevent dark objects from being seen through the paper.
Opacity
This is done only if sufficient samples are available and if prior authorization from the court is required this can be done.
Physical Examination Causing a Perceptible Change
It is the apparent pressure necessary to burst a hole in a sheet when properly inserted in a suitable instrument.
Bursting strength or “Pop” test
It is obtained on an instrument that registers the number of alternate folds the paper will stand before breaking.
Folding endurance test
It is maybe made to determine either the rate of absorption or the total absorption of the paper.
Absorption test
This test determines the fiber composition, the loading material and sizing material used in the paper.
Chemical Test
It is extracted by boiling the paper in water. The solution is tested with dilute tannic acid solution. Positive result is yellow precipitated.
Gelatine
This is extracted by heating the paper on a water bath with 95% alcohol. The solution obtained is evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in acetic anhydride, cooled, transferred to a porcelain dish and strong sulfuric acid is added. Positive result s reddish-violet color that quickly changes to red brown.
Rosin
It can be detected by addition of Millon’s reagent on the paper. Pink color appears if casein is present.
Casein
This refers to the removal of writing from the paper. It can be made mechanically or chemically.
Erasures
This refers to the obscuring of writing by superimposing ink, pencil or other marking materials.
Obliteration
This refers to substances used for invisible writing.
Sympathetic Ink
This refers to the partially visible depression appearing on a sheet of paper underneath the one that the visible writing appears.
Indented Writing
This refers to the use of sheets of carbon paper that can be made readable.
Writing on Carbon Paper
This refers to blank paper may contain traces of ink because of previous contact with some writings.
Contact Writing
During the mid-1980s, __________ was first recognized as having application to forensic science by the British molecule biologist ____________
DNA analysis; Alec Jeffreys
It is functionally the hereditary material that contains the genetic information necessary for the duplication of cells and for the production of proteins.
DNA
It is done by first carefully extracting the DNA from the evidentiary samples.
DNA Typing
This refers to the branch of science that treats of poison, their origin, physical and chemical properties, physiological action, treatment of their noxious effect and methods of detection.
Toxicology
The etymology of toxicology came from _______ that means _______ and “ology” that means study or science.
“toxico”; poison
This refers to a substance that when introduced into the body and is absorbed through the blood stream and acting chemically is capable of producing noxious effect.
Poison
It is a poison without carbon.
Inorganic Poison
It is a poison that contains carbon.
Organic Poison
These are nitrogenous organic basic compound with bitter containing usually oxygen that occurs especially in seed plants.
Alkaloids
These are highly irritant poisons that cause local destruction of tissues and characterized by nausea, vomiting, and great local distress, e.g., strong acids and alkalis.
Corrosive
It produces irritation or inflammation of the mucus membrane and characterized by vomiting, pain in the abdomen and purging, e.g., arsenic.
Irritants
These produce stupor, complete insensibility, or loss of feeling, e.g., opium, Demerol and cocaine.
Narcotics
These act chiefly on the nervous system producing delirium, convulsion and respiration as the outstanding symptoms, e.g., alcohol, opium, and strychnine.
Neurotics
It is a substance that act chiefly upon the spinal column producing such spasmodic and continuous contraction of muscles as a result of stiffness or immobility of the parts to which they are attached.
Tetanics
These are agents that retard or depress the physiological action of an organ, e.g., nicotine and cocaine.
Depressants or Sedatives
These are agents that produce exhaustion, marked loss vital or muscular power, e.g., hydrocyanic acid.
Asthenics or Exhaustive
This refers to one that there is prompt and marked disturbance of function death within a short period of time.
Acute Poisoning
This refers to cases of short and extreme violence that may include symptoms of chronic poisoning.
Sub-Acute Poisoning
This refers to kind of poisoning in which there is gradual deterioration of function of tissues and may or may not result in death.
Chronic Poisoning
This refers to those in which the poison was taken without intention to cause death. It may be taken by mistake or without knowing that it is poison.
Accidental Poisoning
This refers to those in which the victim voluntarily for the purpose of taking his own life took the poison.
Suicidal Poisoning
This refers those in which the poison was given willfully, wantonly and with intent to cause death to the victim.
Homicidal Poisoning
This refers to those in which the history is hazy as to how the poison was obtained and why it was administered.
Undetermined
This refers to the changes or disturbance produced on the part with which the poison come in contact. An example is the corrosion produced by corrosive poisons.
Local
This refers to the changes or disturbance produced in distant parts away from the site of application. An example is the dilation of the pupils when belladonna is taken orally.
Remote
This refers to the effect of the poison is not only localized at the site but affects remote organs. An example is when Phenol causes corrosion of the gastro-intestinal tract (local) and causes convulsion (remote).
Combined
It is the repeated taking of small dose of drug.
Habit
This refers to a term applied to individuals’ reactions to certain substances who exhibit.
Idiosyncrasy
This refers to the quantity of a poison to be administered at one time.
Dose
This refers to branch of medical science that concerned with form and quantity of medicine to be administered within a certain period.
Posology
This refers to one that does not cause harmful effect.
Safe Dose
This refers to one that is harmful to both healthy and sick.
Toxic or Poisonous Dose
This refers to one that kills.
Lethal Dose
This refers to the smallest amount that will produce the therapeutic effect without harm.
Minimum Dose
This refers to the largest amount that will cause no harm but at the same time, produce desired therapeutic effect.
Maximum Dose
It is an agent that removes the posing without changing it or coats the surface of the organ so that absorption is prevented, e.g., stomach tubes or pumps, emetics, cathartics, demulcents and precipitants.
Mechanical Antidote
These produce their effects by their irritation of the terminal nerve filaments of the pharynx, esophagus or stomach.
Local Emetics
These produce their effects through the medium of circulation.
System or General Emetics
These are agents that produce intestinal evacuation.
Cathartics
These are substances that soothe and protect that part which they are applied.
Demulcents
These are substances that prevent absorption of poisons by precipitating them and rendering them insoluble.
Precipitants
It is a substance that make the poison harmless by chemically altering it.
Chemical Antidote
It is sometimes called “antagonist.” It is an agent that acts upon the system to counteract the effect of the poison. It merely masks the symptoms produced.
Physiological Antidote
Poisons are eliminated through _________________.
excretory organs
It is the provision relative to dispensing of violent poisons like aconite, cyanide, atropine, morphine and strychnine.
Sec. 755
It is the provision relative to dispensing of less violent poisons like aconite, belladonna, cantharides, digitalis, carbonic acid and chloroform.
Sec. 756
It is the receptacle for poisonous drugs.
Sec. 757
