Chapter 4 Flashcards
Specimen must be thoroughly _______ before packing.
dried
In packing of wearing apparel there should be __________ between the apparel and the stain.
no friction
It is known after the name of Dr. Florence of Lysons, who first introduce it.
Florence Test
Positive Results: Purple color. Purple color is indicative of Acid Phosphatase.
Acid Phosphatase Test
Limitation of the Test: Blood lengthens the time but does not interfere.
Alternative Acid-Phosphatase Test
Smaller objects like hair should be placed in a __________ and _________.
test tube and corked
It refers to a condition in which there are dead or immobile spermatozoa in the semen (Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary, 2012).
Necrospermia
This refers to a whitish fluid of the male reproductive tract consisting of spermatozoa suspended in secretion of accessory glands.
Semen
Reagent/Chemical: 100 mg of Alpha naphthyl phosphoric acid and 200 mg of Brentamine fast blue B
Acid Phosphatase Test
1.5 ml to 3.5 ml is the normal quantity of seminal fluid. In single ejaculation, 400 to 500 million is the total number of spermatozoa contained in a single ejaculate from a healthy young man.
Crystal of Choline and Lecithin
Have appearance or outline of contour map
The Physical Examination of Seminal Stains
Formed Cellular Elements includes?
a) Spermatozoa or Sperm Cell
b) Epithelial Cells
c) Crystal of Choline and Lecithin
What is the color of excrement released by adults?
yellowish brown
It is an important part in the routine investigation of sexual offenses like cases of rape, adultery, sodomy, bestiality and sexual homicide.
Examination of semen and seminal stains
It refers to an abnormally low concentration of sperms in the seminal fluid.
Oligospermia
It resembles blood that may be produced by fruit juices and vegetables.
Stains of Vegetable and Fruit Origin
He injected human semen to a rabbit from five to eight times of intervals from six to eight days. The serum obtained from the blood of the rabbit gave a precipitate with both recent and old emulsions of human semen.
Farnum
It is used to locate invisible seminal stain on cloth.
Ultraviolet light
___ ml to ___ ml is the normal quantity of seminal fluid.
1.5 ml to 3.5 ml
In 1928, ________ and ________ showed that an antiserum produced by immunizing rabbits with human semen is both specie specific and semen specific, i.e., it gives a positive reaction with human blood.
Hektoem and Rustinant
Semen, when dry, gives stiff, starchy feeling to the cloth and produces slight deepening of the color with the disappearance of the odor.
The Physical Examination of Seminal Stains
This test is based fundamentally upon the extraordinarily high acid phosphatase content of human male ejaculate.
Acid Phosphatase Test
It is the enzymes present in semen.
Phosphatase
Limitation of the Test: The bacterial action that produces disintegration of the spermatozoa in seminal stain is equally effective in decomposing and digesting the protein constituents of protein constituents completely disintegrated cannot possibly give a positive precipitin reaction.
Biological Examination of Semen and Seminal Stain
Procedure: Treat the stained area in a water bath a pH 5 containing Alpha naphthyl phosphoric acid as a substance and anthroquinone-1-diazonium chloride.
Alternative Acid-Phosphatase Test
Reagent/Chemical: Florence reagent (1.65 gram potassium iodide and 2.5 grams iodine in 30cc of water)
Florence Test
Postive Result: Orange-red pigment
Alternative Acid-Phosphatase Test
In single ejaculation, ___ to ________ is the total number of spermatozoa contained in a single ejaculate from a healthy young man.
400 to 500 million
It refers to small objects with a pear-shaped head behind is a short neck and then a tail of about ten times as long as the head.
Spermatozoa or Sperm Cell
What are the different chemical examination of seminal stains?
a) Florence Test
b) Barberio’s Test
c) Acid Phosphatase Test
d) Alternative Acid-Phosphatase Test
It resembles old bloodstains but can be recognized by treating strong acids and alkaline.
Synthetic Dyes
Fluid semen should be placed in a _____________. It may be preserved by a few drops of 10% solution of formalin during hot weather where there is danger of putrefaction.
test tube
Reagent/Chemical: Saturated Aqueous or Alcoholic Solution of Picric Acid
Barberio’s Test
What are the different examination of semen and seminal stain?
- The Physical Examination of Seminal Stains
- The Chemical Examination of Seminal Stains
- The Microscopic Examination of Semen and Seminal Stains
- Biological Examination of Semen and Seminal Stain
Positive Results: Crystals that are slender yellow tinted, rhomboid needles with obtuse angle or appear as ovoid crystals. These crystals are made of specimen picrate.
Barberio’s Test
This test was originally proposed by Farnum in 1901.
Biological Examination of Semen and Seminal Stain
It refers to the complete absence of spermatozoa from the ejaculate.
Azoospermia
It has replaced the Florence test in reliability and was shown to be specific for human and higher apes.
Acid Phosphatase Test
May have reddish tint in case of old man
The Physical Examination of Seminal Stains
The spermato-precipitins are of value in the identification of seminal fluid in certain cases like for examples, bestiality when it may be desirable to differentiate between the human seminal fluid from that of an animal.
Biological Examination of Semen and Seminal Stain
It is almost specific for human semen. The seminal stain as old as six years are said to respond to the test. This test is carried out with fresh, dried or dissolved semen.
Barberio’s test
________ may cause the breaking of the spermatozoa.
Friction
The chief purpose of this is to determine the presence of spermatozoa. The identification of spermatozoa is at present the only specific test for semen.
The Microscopic Examination of Semen and Seminal Stains
Parts of the Semen
- Seminal Fluid
- Formed Cellular Elements
What is the color of excrement released by infants?
greenish yellow
Specimen should not be _______ for transit. Gently lay between two sheets of cardboard or similar material which are tied together with a string to avoid friction.
rolled
It refers to examination at the scene of the crime in cases of criminal abortion, infanticide and sex offenses may lead to the discovery of bed linen, towels, chemise, skirts, mattresses, and blankets etc. which have stains.
Obstetrical and Gynecological Stains
Grayish white, sometimes yellowish stain which is typical of seminal fluid
The Physical Examination of Seminal Stains
Semen with less than about ____________ sperms per ml are likely to be infertile (Youngson, 2005).
20,000,000
Principle of the Test: Alphanaphtol by the acid phosphatase combines with the diazonium salt to form the color. The reaction takes place for 30 seconds on fresh stains.
Alternative Acid-Phosphatase Test
Seminal stain exhibits ___________________ under the ultraviolet light.
bluish fluorescence
It is the best way to locate and at the same time characterized a seminal stain.
Acid Phosphatase Test
Fertile semen contains about ______________ sperms per ml.
100,000,000
Other Stains of Medico-Legal Interest
- Obstetrical and Gynecological Stains
- Excrements
- Paints
- Rust Stains
- Synthetic Dyes
- Stains of Vegetable and Fruit Origin
Visible/Positive Result: Crystals of Choline Periodide, which are dark brown, rhombic or needle shaped that occur singly or in cross or even grouped in clusters. It resembles haemin crystal in shape, size and color.
Florence Test
It refers commonly to as a pigmented coating.
Paint
Reagent/Chemical: 23 grams of sodium chloride, 0.55 ml of glacial acetic acid, 2 grams of sodium acetate trihydrate in 90 ml water, a suspension of 30 mg of anthraquinone-1 diazonium chloride and 50 grams of calcium-1-napthyl phosphate in 1 ml of 1% aerosol.
Alternative Acid-Phosphatase Test
Cases where in Ejaculation has no Spermatozoa
- Azoospermia
- Oligospermia
- Necrospermia
It is generally encountered in vehicle accidents.
Paint
It has characteristic alkaline odor, it is viscid, gelatinous and sticky. It becomes more liquid in character when exposed to air for one and half-hour due probably to enzymatic reaction that is slightly alkaline in reaction.
Seminal Fluid
It resembles bloodstains, reddish-brown in color, insoluble in water and soluble in dilute acid.
Rust Stains
Presence of ________ certain bacteria act on the protein constituents of semen, digest the dried protein and thus destroy its stiffness.
moisture
It refers to waste matter discharged from the body especially feces (Merriam-Webster, 1928).
Excrements
___________________ must be done as soon as possible. It often happened that washing the clothes, chemise, panties and trousers has destroyed important traces.
Seizure of wearing apparel
