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FORENSIC 3 - Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

It is one of the oldest forms of physical evidence.

A

Hair examination

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2
Q

Its use is older than fingerprints. It is valuable because the hair of each kind of animal is different and distinct for all others.

A

Hair examination

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3
Q

In _____, hair examination was first used as physical evidence.

A

1847

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4
Q

In _____, Rudolph Virchow become the first person to do an in-depth study of hair.

A

1897

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5
Q

In _____, Hugo Marx wrote a paper on the use of hair in forensic investigation to determine identity.

A

1906

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6
Q

In _____, Dr. Paul Kirk works on new ways to improve the use of hair in forensic investigations.

A

1931

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7
Q

_____________ at the crime scene must be done. Use ____________.

A

Complete search, vacuum cleaner

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8
Q

All of the hair in the questioned specimens should be ________ but do not ____ hairs at different places.

A

submitted, mix

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9
Q

________ for and _________ of hair evidence should begin as soon as possible. Hair evidence is easily transferred to and from the crime scene.

A

Search, collection

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10
Q

Collection should be done by?

A

a) Hand, if the location of the hair is important;
b) Lint rollers; or
c) Special filtered vacuum cleaner – collects hairs and fibers in mass from carpet, bedding, etc.

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11
Q

It collects hairs and fibers in mass from carpet, bedding, etc.

A

Special filtered vacuum cleaner

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12
Q

If the evidence is ______ to another object, the entire object should be packaged and labeled (Corpuz, 2015).

A

stick

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13
Q

If lint rollers are used, the entire surface used should be packed into a ______________________ (Corpuz, 2015).

A

polyethylene storage bag

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14
Q

In vicious assault and murder cases, obtain the _________ of the victim from the hospital or morgue to avoid the loss of evidence by careless handling and to prevent the clothing from being destroyed.

A

clothing

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15
Q

_____________________________ from the victim as well as the suspect should be obtained if possible.

A

Representative samples of hair

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16
Q

To be a representative head hair samples from a particular individual, it should consist of at least a ________ hairs from different areas of the scalp and preferably ___________ hair.

A

dozen, full-length

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17
Q

Take from all pertinent regions of the body:

A

a) 50 head hairs;
b) 24 pubic hairs (Corpuz, 2015).

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18
Q

Don’t ______ known samples of hair from different parts of the body.

A

mix

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19
Q

Hair evidence should be looked for in the following:

A

clothing, combs, weapons, pockets, fingers, hat and etc.

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20
Q

Get samples from both _______ and ________ (dead body: head hair and pubic hair). It should be taken before it is buried.

A

victim, suspect

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21
Q

Best way to collect hair is by ________.

A

combing

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22
Q

Hair evidence should be packaged into ___________.

A

paper packets

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23
Q

The hairs should be placed in a ____________ or in a _________________, but the corners of the envelope should be sealed with ___________.

A

folded paper, white mailing envelope, scotch tape

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24
Q

Do not secure the hair samples to a piece of paper with ________ because this will damage the hair.

A

scotch

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25
Q

All __________________ should be removed from the submitted specimen.

A

foreign fibrous debris

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26
Q

__________________ or _________________ are not suitable for examination.

A

Fragmentary hairs, underdeveloped hairs

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27
Q

Areas on an object containing hairs should be protected with ____________ or ________ taped over the area before wrapping the object from transmittal to laboratory.

A

cellophane, paper

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28
Q

Methods of packing hair

A

pill box or test tube

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29
Q

Questioned specimens

A

druggist powder papers

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30
Q

This refers to a specialized ephitilial outgrowth of the skin which occur everywhere on the human body except on the palm of the hands and the sole of the feet.

A

Hair

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31
Q

It is an appendage of the skin.

A

Hair

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32
Q

Hair is not completely ______ but may be _____or _________.

A

round, oval, flattened

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33
Q

Two Kinds of Hair (among mammals including human being)

A
  1. Real Hair
  2. Fuzz Hair
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34
Q

It refers generally to long and stiff hair.

A

Real Hair

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35
Q

It refers generally to short, fine at times curly and wooly hair.

A

Fuzz Hair

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36
Q

Parts of the Hair

A
  1. Root
  2. Shaft
  3. Tip
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37
Q

It refers to portion of embedded in the skin.

A

Root

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38
Q

It refers to portion above the surface of the skin. It is the most distinctive part of the hair.

A

Shaft

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39
Q

It refers to distal end of an uncut hair shaft. It is refers sometimes to point.

A

Tip

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40
Q

Parts of the Shaft

A
  1. Cuticle
  2. Cortex
  3. Medulla or Core
41
Q

It refers to the outermost covering of the hair. It is consists of one layer of non-nucleated polygonal cells which overlaps like the scales on fish.

A

Cuticle

42
Q

It refers to the intermediate and the thickest layer of the shaft and is compose of elongated, spindle shaped fibrils which cohere. They contain pigment granules in varying proportion depending on the type of the hair.

A

Cortex

43
Q

It refers to the central canal of the hair that may be empty or may contain various sorts of cells more or less pigmented and begins more or less near the root.

A

Medulla/Core

44
Q

Certain hair has medulla. Therefore hair can be classified into two categories namely:

A

a) Hair without medulla
b) Hair with medulla

45
Q

It can be interrupted, continuous, fragmented, solid or none/absent.

A

Medulla

46
Q

Hair should be cleaned with a mixture of equal parts of _______________.

A

alcohol and ether

47
Q

It can be examine using the naked eye or under the microscope.

A

Color

48
Q

It refers to the brownish-black pigment in the hair, skin, etc. It is the chemical responsible for the color of the hair. Black and brown hair differs only on the amount of melanin. Red hair is thought to be due to iron.

A

Melanin

49
Q

Tip of the hair may show whether a hair has been cut. Tips of body hair become rounded from rubbing against the cloths. Hair of human usually shows a fine tip. Men’s hair tip is apt to be cutoff square.

A

Character of the hair tip if present

50
Q

It may show whether a hair has been cut.

A

Tip of the hair

51
Q

The size, the general shape and the irregularity of the scales are observed.

A

Character of cuticle

52
Q

Structural features is studied under the microscope.

A

Character of cortex

53
Q

It is embedded with the pigment granules that impart hair with color. It is the color, shape and distribution of these granules that provides the criminalist with important points of comparison between the hairs of the different individuals.

A

Cortex

54
Q

Dyed hair can be distinguished from natural hair. Under the microscope dyed hair has a dull appearance and the color tone is constant, whereas natural is not and the individual pigment granules stand shapelier.

A

Presence of dye in hair

55
Q

It refers to the innermost layer of your hair. It consists of a soft, thin core of transparent cells and air spaces (Kingsley, 2016).

A

Medulla

56
Q

These are the most characteristic portion of the hair.

A

Medulla and Cortex

57
Q

This refers to the relationship between the diameter of the medulla and the diameter of the whole hair usually expressed in fraction. Its determination is performed under a microscope provided with micrometer eyepiece.

A

Medullar Index (M.I.)

58
Q

Hair with narrow medulla belongs to human and certain monkey hair.

A

less than 0.5

59
Q

Hair with medulla belongs to hair of cow, horse and others.

A

approximately 0.5

60
Q

Hair with thick medulla almost all animals belong to this.

A

greater than 0.5

61
Q

Based on the ___________________, it can be determined whether hair is human or animal origin.

A

medulla examination

62
Q

In most instances, it can be determined whether a human hair came from Negroid, Mongoloid or Caucasian race.

A

Determination of characteristics by race

63
Q

o Contains heavy pigment distributed unevenly
o A thin cross section
o Hair is usually kinky with marked variation in the diameter along the shaft.

A

Negroid Race Hair

64
Q

o Hair contains dense pigment distributed more evenly than Negroid race hair.
o Cross section of the hair will be round to oval in shape.
o Hair is coarse and straight with very little variation in diameter along the shaft of the hair.
o Usually contains a heavy black medulla or core

A

Mongoloid Race Hair

65
Q

o Hair contains very fine to coarse pigment and more evenly distributed than is found in Negro or Mongolian.
o Cross section will be oval to round in shape.
o Usually straight or wavy and not kinky

A

Caucasian Race Hair

66
Q

These are more mature than any other kind of human hair.

A

Scalp Hair

67
Q

This is coarse, curve, very stiff and often triangular in cross section.

A

Beard Hair

68
Q

This is usually triangular in shape and very stiff.

A

Moustache

69
Q

These are short stubby and have wide medulla.

A

Hairs from eyebrows, eyelid, nose and ear

70
Q

These vary in thickness along the shaft and are immature but are somewhat similar to head hairs. They have fine, long tip ends.

A

Trunk Hair

71
Q

These are similar trunk hairs but usually are not so long or so coarse and usually contain less pigment.

A

Limb Hair

72
Q

These are fairly long with unevenly distributed pigment. They vary considerably in diameter along the shaft and have frequently a bleached appearance. It has an irregular shape and structure. Looks like pubic hair but the ends are sharper and the hair is not so curly.

A

Axillary Hair

73
Q

These are similar to axillary hairs but are coarser and do not appear bleached. Wirier, have more constriction and twists and usually have continuous broad medulla. Have many broken ends because the clothing rubs off against it.

A

Pubic Hair

74
Q

a) Identification of questioned hair
b) Comparison of questioned and known hair

A

Light Microscopy

75
Q

Link the suspect to a crime scene. Control hairs match that of the suspect. Exclude the suspect from a crime scene, meaning that a control hair does not match the evidential hair.

A

Comparison Microscope

76
Q

Determine the species, race, and somatic origin of a hair.

A

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

77
Q

This is to test and determine whether a drug was used.

A

Drug Test

78
Q

Hair strands normally grow at an average rate of _______________ every month; they absorb metabolized drugs that are fed to the hair follicle through the blood stream.

A

1.3 centimeters

79
Q

Two Assays Used in Forensic

A
  1. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
  2. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
80
Q

The word “textile” is derived from the Latin word _________ and the French _________, __________, hence fiber means that can be converted into yarn.

A

“textillis,” “textere,” to weave

81
Q

Types of Textile Fibers

A
  1. Natural Fibers
  2. Man-Made Fibers
82
Q

Test for Textile Fibers

A
  1. Burning or Ignition Test
  2. Fluorescent Test
  3. Microscopic Examination
  4. Chemical Analysis of Fibers
83
Q

It is a preliminary macroscopic examination. A test that determines whether fiber is mineral, animal or vegatble fiber.

A

Burning or Ignition Test

84
Q

These fibers smolder or burn slowly and give odor like that of burning feather. When removed from the flame they do not continue to burn readily and a charred bead remains at the end of the fiber. Fumes turn red litmus blue.

A

Animals’ fibers

85
Q

This is odor strong, disagreeable; fumes turn lead acetate paper black or brown.

A

Wool

86
Q

Its odor is not so pungent, fumes have no effect on lead acetate paper.

A

Silk

87
Q

These fibers burn rapidly with a flame and give off but little smoke or fumes. Charred bead not present when fiber is removed from the flame. Fumes turn blue litmus red.

A

vegetable fibers

88
Q

It is frequently used to determine the general group to which a fiber belongs. It is not reliable for positive identification of fibers. In general, the vegetables fibers exhibit a yellow fluorescence in ultra-violet light, whereas the animal fibers show bluish fluorescence.

A

Fluorescent Test

89
Q

In general, it is the most reliable and best means identifying fiber. The fiber is placed on a glass slide, teased and covered.

A

Microscopic Examination

90
Q

This is an unicellular filament, flat, ribbon-like, twisted spirally to right or left on its axis, central canal or lumen broad uniform in diameter; cell wall thick, covered by a thin, structureless, waxy cuticle. Fiber tapers gradually to a blunt or rounded point at one end.

A

Cotton

91
Q

This is straight, cylindrical, with occasional twists; evenly lustrous, smooth except for occasional transverse folds or wrinkles. Cuticle mostly lacking, lumen irregular in width.

A

Mercerized Cotton

92
Q

This is a multicellular filament, straight and cylindrical, not twisted and flattened, tapering to a sharp point. Cell wall thick, the lumen appearing as a narrow dark line in the center of the fiber. Filament marked by transverse lines at intervals causing fiber to appear jointed, resembling bamboo. Cross lines frequently interest appearing like the letter x.

A

Linen

93
Q

This is smooth, cylindrical, lustrous threads, usually single but often double, the twin – filaments held together by an envelope of gum. More or less transparent, without definite structure.

A

Cultivated Silk

94
Q

This is similar to cultivated silk but broader and less regular in outline. Marked by very fine longitudinal striations with infrequent diagonal cross-markings.

A

Wild Silk

95
Q

This is a cylindrical, lustrous, appearing like a glass rod. Microchemical reactions, dissolved rapidly by half saturated chromic acid; not colored by Millon’s reagent as in case of true silk.

A

Artificial Silk

96
Q

This is easily distinguished by presence of flattened, over lapping epidermal scales not found on silk or any of the vegetable fibers. Fiber many – celled, cylindrical; shaft composed of three layers; central core or medulla (seldom seen), cortex and scaly cuticle.

A

Wool

97
Q

If the sample submitted for analysis is fairly large, such as a piece of cloth or a number or large threads, it is suggested that a chemical analysis be made to supplement the microscopic examination and confirm the results obtained form that procedure.

A

Chemical Analysis of Fibers

98
Q

In this test, the fiber is stained with picric acid, Millon’s reagent, stannic chloride or iodine solution.

A

Staining Test

99
Q

If the fiber is white or light colored it is treated with the following chemicals. If dyed, the fiber is first decolorized by boiling in ether 1% hydrochloric acid, acetic acid or dilute potassium hydroxide.

A

Dissolution Test

FORENSIC 3 - Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology (7 decks)

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